A Linguistic Analysis of Two Newspaper Articles Essay

Analyze two newspaper articles with respect to the tools of linguistics. This work includes two newspaper articles. Article one is called â€Å"Pakistan’s alternative tourism industry† by Shyema Sajjad (Pakistani perspective) and article two is named as â€Å"CIA Contractor Raymond Davis is Free—Now Is the Time to Reconsider Our Support for Pakistan’s Government† by Christian Whiton (American perspective). Firstly, this assignment will work at two levels of analyzing article discourse. The first level includes the structuring of propositions and the second includes their sequence. Furthermore, the examination of individuals and actions fall under the first stage and the sequencing of these actions into a coherent whole follow it. Any discourse analysis moves from micro- level examination to macro-level examination. Likewise, newspaper discourse moves from word level (lexis) to sentence level. All these linguistic tools gradually progress from minor root-scale study to group-scale research. Starting off with level one, the lexical habits of the given articles would be firstly stated separately, than, contrasted. LEXICAL ANALYSIS:- The analysis of particular words used in a newspaper text is always the first stage of any textual analysis. Article one:- In this article, words belong to various categories to instigate some important questions. The lexical categories in this article includes the words of business, words of war and racial animosity, words of falsehood and propaganda, words of currency and lastly words of predator versus prey. Words of Business: – These include exchange, ticket, breezing in and out, plan, deal, package transaction. Words of war: – These include shoot, risk, despair, control, attack, zeal, panic, get-away, masterstroke. Words of racial animosity: – sheer panic on America’s face, US law-makers. Words of falsehood and propaganda: – hide-outs, compensation, cloudy circumstances, murky status, fumbled and mumbled, diplomatic immunity fed various lies. Words of Currency: – lots and lots of money, transaction, price. Words of predator versus prey: – kill, risk, shoot at will, deaths, rescue, Pakistan is a playground. Article two:- Words of racial animosity: – supposed US ally, arrangement Pakistan broke, unlawful for Pakistan, over-all incident is outrageous, Pakistan is too corrupt. Words of money: – blood money, pouring money, US support, payment, pay handsomely, paying bribes, month’s check, massive hand-out of cash. Words of doubt and mistrust: – debate on our reliance to Pakistan , scandalous, lawless behavior, insulting, signing off, Pakistan is too corrupt. Words of war: – negligence, kill, hostages, adversaries, killing spree, hunted. LEXICAL COMPARISON OF BOTH ARTICLES:- In both these articles, words exhibit clear meanings. The racial characteristics have been displayed in wholesale manner by contrastive words of animosity and rage. Irony and satire has been used which contends with human absurdities. Disparity of opinions and rivalry has been depicted through the words like shoot at will, scandalous, bribes etc. Collapse of friendship and feelings of hostility are prevalent throughout the text. Money has been tagged as a corrupting factor for both the governments. Likewise, the theme of predator versus the prey, hunter versus the hunted has been depicted by showing Pakistan as a â€Å"playground†. Moreover the concept of us and them has been portrayed. Certain negative words have been used to show the negligence of Pakistani government through the phrases like â€Å"now† is the time to â€Å"reconsider† â€Å"our† support for â€Å"Pakistani Government† and â€Å"what will â€Å"our† adversaries conclude?†etc. Thus both of the articles stand apart from each other. We notice that how the roles of the participant are reversed through the choice of strong words. Both the writers have used convincing lexis to support their case. And we as the readers are easily able to draw different connotations through the choice of strong words. NAMING AND REFERENTIAL STRATEGIES:- The way people are named in news discourse can have significant impact on the way in which they are viewed. Article one:- This article by a Pakistani writer takes an explicitly projected sarcastic mood. All the text has been explained as an ironic commentary castigating the new tourism packages Pakistan has recently offered. In this article America has been named openly as a predator on Pakistani â€Å"playground†. The writer gives America a symbol of a â€Å"tourist† who avails the â€Å"adventure package† and makes it back home â€Å"unharmed†. Another important naming strategy is the indirect use of â€Å"You† to connote Raymond Davis at an individual level and also America as whole, at a more advanced level. Calling America and Davis with the â€Å" you-perspective† takes an ironic atmosphere- both verbal irony and irony of situation. The word â€Å"you† also magnify the separated statuses of us and them . Article two:- In this article, Pakistan has been awarded words connoting hatred and disrespect. All through the length of the article, the American writer explicitly isolates Pakistan by the use of words like â€Å"Pakistani Government†, Pakistani officials, reliance on Pakistan. Pakistan has been given a simile of â€Å"a corrupt system†. On the contrary India has been mentioned as â€Å"democratic India† showing friendly allegiance with her. Davis has also been called in terms of a national hero through the words like â€Å"US Official†. On another point Davis has been flaunted by an isolated â€Å"Mr. Davis† highlighting his raised and respectful stature for America. Pakistan has also been constantly insulted by ironic remarks as a â€Å"supposed US ally†. Comparison and analysis:- The colloquial stance characterized by a simplicity yet directness of diction pervades the two articles. Both articles are crisp and taunting in their expression of hatred and disgust. War-like enmity and hunting themes are recurrent through the alienation of naming techniques. Pakistan, US and Davis stand clearly and shine independently throughout the textual canvas. PREDICATION:- This technique bears similarity with referential strategies. It means linguistically assigning qualities to persons, animals, objects, events, actions and social phenomenon. Article one:- The Pakistani newspaper article has a redundant use of predications for example words like â€Å"not revealed, not disclosed, don’t despair, don’t worry† shows the writer’s covert stance. Also verbs like â€Å"targets, accused, and shoots† connote war-like imagery. The most significant verbs in this article belong to the theme of treachery and conceit. For example, â€Å"taking us for a ride over and over† and â€Å"we will be fed various lies, contradictions, pacifications and denials†. Here, riding a dangerous joyride and feeding poisonous contaminated food could be the hidden analogies the writer wants to make. Article two: – The American perspective is also full of sarcastic lashings and derogatory remarks about Pakistan. The writer calls Pakistani behavior as â€Å"insulting†. Moreover, Pakistan’s money dependency on America has been bitterly mentioned again and again so as to hammer Pakistan’s greed. For example â€Å"sending† billions of US dollars to Islamabad and â€Å"paying bribes† does â€Å"nothing† to help these matters. Another example is â€Å"pouring money† into a corrupt system â€Å"encourages† corruption. Comparison:- Verbs of contrastive meanings have been used to highlight pessimistic atmosphere of rage and fury. The collapse of human relationships in the destructiveness of today’s racial frustration is a major motif in both the texts. SENTENCE CONTRUCTION : SYNTAX AND TRANSIVITY Transitivity describes the relationships between the participants and the roles they play in the processes described in reporting. According to Simpson, in any process there are three components that can be changed. These components are the participants, the process and the circumstances. Noun phrase is used for participant, verb phrase for the process and the adverbial and prepositional phrase for the circumstances. The process is further subdivided into verbal process, mental process, relational process and material process. Material process further includes the transitive actions and intransitive actions. All these points will be explored in both articles. Article one: – The first article enumerates an indirect depiction of Raymond Davis incident. The audience immediately becomes attuned to the story-like arrangement of the incident in terms of â€Å"a tourism package†. The recurrent themes of the article keep the readers at the edge of their seats enjoying every bit of information the story reveals. In this article, there is a biting sarcasm which forces the readers to feel the brunt of their absurdity as Pakistanis. Taken as mere puppets, Pakistanis are the â€Å"participants† along with Raymond Davis, America and Pakistani government. Their roles have been described through the nouns mentioned earlier in the assignment. The whole process is that of â€Å"current political unrest† between the two states. This process further takes on a separate tinge as the two governments try to hide their incentives. This process has been described by the words like â€Å"grilled† â€Å"fumbled and mumbled†. All the four process es have been used. All four kinds of processes are used. The verbal processes include the verbs like, hitting, speaking, working, trying and rejecting etc. Mental processes include the words like accepting. There are different sentences which includes the relational processes, like â€Å"what’s the harm in putting a price to someone’s life’ ‘what a fantastic master-stroke it was’ As far as the material process is concerned it includes the transitive and intransitive action. The transitive action involves the agent and the object of the action while the intransitive involves only one participant. The transitive action is evident when the writer states that: ‘to know more about the US Drone strike experience, you will be given access to information† The intransitive action is missing in this article. Article two:- The process is again the Davis issue. Participants are Davis, American and Pakistani government. India and Afghanistan have also been mentioned. The mental process includes conclude, reconsider. The material processes are present. The transitive action is represented through the sentence â€Å"We should take this opportunity to reconsider our support to Pakistani government†. Only these processes are present. SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION: MODALITY Modals are a tool to evaluate and judge. They play a significant part in sentence structure. They are the opposite strategies to transitivity. Article one:- In this article modals have been used. The modal of may have been used in the sentence â€Å"Regarding the deaths-blood money may need to be pain†. Here may is used as a modal for probability. Modal of will in the sentence, â€Å"Will the US ever contradict over Davis’s immunity?† has been projected as a modal of future intention and prediction. This stance is showing the writer’s evaluative stance. Article two: – This article is redundantly occupied with modals. Sentences like â€Å"Aid to Pakistan should be halted†, â€Å"the bribe paid for Mr. Davis’s release should be subtracted from this month’s check for Islamabad†, â€Å"Congress should act†. Here should have been used as a modal of obligation, necessity and prediction. Modals of can have also been applied. For example â€Å"From this, Congress can at least mitigate the damage†. This modal depicts ability, possibility, and request. Modal of would is exemplified in the sentence, â€Å"Some would conclude that our largesse for Pakistan buys us access to neighboring Afghanistan†. This modal has been applied to show condition, habit and preference. Comparison:- Modals have strengthened the author’s stance in both the articles. All the participants are fully embroiled in action and continually leash out negativities. The startling fury and terse comments predates the articles and alert us to meanings beyond the common core of the words spoken. Where the Pakistani author embeds her exposition of situation into the flow of the dialogue, the American author echoes his speech with successive poison-drenched words of accuse and mistrust. Hence, the modal choices are an indication of the attitudes, judgments or the political beliefs of the writer or a speaker. PRESUPPOSITION Presupposition is the relation between form and function. These are hidden and presupposed meanings in a text. It is an implicit claim hidden in the explicit claim of the text. Article one:- The hidden stance in article one is clearly that the release of Davis is â€Å"not† justified. The hidden stance can be expressed through the use of articles, nouns and verbs. In this article, the use of â€Å"You† shows a mocking point of views. The cynicism is directed towards the Pakistani authorities to have swallowed the blood money. Verbs like paid, underestimated, and hunting all show the implicitness of war between the two nations. Adjective used for showing the height of irony is â€Å"fantastic masterstroke† to express the mockery of the blood money transaction. Wh-questions are also present like â€Å" who will pay that-you wonder†. Article two:- There is hidden or covert stance in this article. Although the author bluntly states his hatred for Pakistan, his stance could be presupposed to some extent. His attitude is direct and cutting. The sharpness of tongue and use of modals defends his political perspective. On top of that, the author successively throws questions at the government and people to reconsider their mode of action. The presuppositions in this article are triggered by the use of â€Å"wh-questions† For example â€Å"what will our adversaries conclude?† RHETORICAL TROPES:- Rhetorical devices are used for persuasion and convincing. It has five sub-catagories. 1. HYPERBOLE:- It means excessive exaggeration. Article one: – Hyperbole is prevalent in the sentences like â€Å"Pakistan tourism offers a new package which has been tried, tested and proven successful†. This extended image of tourism package is a hyperbole to clarify the image of free trespassing on Pakistani grounds. Later this hyperbole has been further explained through descriptive phrases like â€Å"Adventure package†, â€Å"adventure plan†, â€Å"Pakistan is a playground—you can take anything and anyone on a ride†. All these words show overelaborated images of Pakistani naivety and vulnerability. Article two:- This article is full of exaggerated frustration on part of America. For example the sentences like â€Å"Assistance from US taxpayers to Pakistan has increased to a sky-high average of $ 1.5 billion per year. The gal of asking for an extra $ 2.3 million payment on top of it is insulting†. Here exaggeration is depicted through words like â€Å"sky-high†, â€Å"extra†, â€Å"on top of it†. Moreover, sentences like â€Å"Pakistan is far too corrupt for economic system to work†, â€Å"Pakistan still uses and supports terrorists as tools for national policy†. All these accusations are false and are based on misinformation.

Females & family Essay

Being someone means that a person has one’s own concept of an own identity. This means that one knows what he/she wants and why he/she wants it. Furthermore, one that has properly established an identity can be freed of the manipulations of others. Men and women alike are in search and in pursuance of a self that they could call their own. Even in fiction, the idea of maintaining a personal identity is exemplified. Although their pasts could never be made out quite perfectly, the characters present state and outlooks about the future are enough to explain what is the common theme. The women in the two stories lacked a certain sense of identity that is their own. Judging from their behavior, thoughts and desires, it can be safely said that being in a married state had made them lose their selves. Both female wives were accustomed to a patriarchal family where the male decides for the family. Nancy in Dead Men’s Path and Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour were typical housewives who ascertain to the decisions of their husbands. Both craved for their own interests subtly. Both had unmet needs that were asking to be freed, much ignored by the people around them who were far too busy to even notice. Look more:  literary analysis of the story of an hour essay The female lead character in The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard, was aspiring for freedom that she did not even know she was lacking. Being a married person, most of her time she was thinking of her family—husband, sister and other relatives. Her own good was put at the back of her mind and was very seldom thought of. At the time that her sister gently broke with her the news of her husband’s death, she finally realized that she had been cooped up under the shadow of her husband. Mrs. Mallard was consumed by the thought of exercising her long extinguished right. In her mind she was thinking about the future that was smiling brightly ahead of her, for times that she would be enjoying on her own. â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. (Chopin, 1894). † It can be said that her life with her husband had not been a rather satisfying one because her husband had not understood her likes and preferences. She further thinks that due to his death, â€Å"there would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination (Chopin, 1894). † At that instant, all she wanted was to be free—to be really and truly free—in the full essence of the world. That thought she had enjoyed all to herself, as others would find it hard to understand her joy. She looked at the future ahead of her with a renewed hope. In the words of Chopin (1894), â€Å"But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. † Mrs. Mallard had been afflicted by heart attack, which showed how fragile she was. Despite the grief that she should be voicing out due to the sudden death of her husband, she could not cage the enthusiasm that gripped her intensely. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free! ’ The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body (Chopin, 1894). † Even her love—or what used to be love, even in the littlest sense—had been forgotten completely. In fact, Mrs. Mallard thought, â€Å"What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! (Chopin, 1894)† At this point she had established the notion that she was to put herself above everything else seeing that she is not expected to be caged again. She could have sensed her inappropriate response to the death and so locked herself up to celebrate with herself before she went down to face her relatives. She was excited about the future that smiled brightly at her; her time would be spent on whatever she wanted to do without reference to other’s decisions and preferences. She was at last free to be herself again. That was of course until she found out that the cause of her imprisonment was well alive and breathing, her heart failing to cope up with the sudden burst of happiness and then disappointment. The sudden news that gripped her with a revived hope for a bright future had been devastated at the truth that she was not truly freed yet. Nancy, the new headmaster’s young wife, had been burdened by the duties of a wife that she looked older than her actual age. In the following sentence her frustrations were illuminated as stated: â€Å"In their two years of married life she had become completely infected by his passion for ‘modern methods’ and his denigration of ‘these old and superannuated people in the teaching field who would be better employed as traders in the Onitsha market’ (Achebe, 1972)†. The text explicitly mentioned that since she had been married she had lost her own sense of identity and became a subordinate of her husband who had better things in mind than listen to the woes of his wife. Also according to the story, Nancy had been the listener to what his husbands had to say about other people without saying that he has listened to what his wife wants to say. Achebe (1972) illustrates this position by saying that â€Å"Her little personal misfortune could not blind her to her husband’s happy prospects. † In the scene where Nancy was excited about her husband’s new arrangement, she was thinking about her new status and how every other woman would look envious. She was not concerned with what her husband had to do for the welfare of the community. Instead, she was focused on what she would be. She wanted herself to be better in comparison to the other women. She wanted not to regret the fact that she was married to a man that was not unhandsome but not dashing either. However, when she realized that unlike her all other teachers were unmarried, young and better in terms of physical characteristics than her, she was disappointed. She had wanted to be envied and be idolized by others, especially females. Her simple dream was far from being fulfilled. In the story, her character had â€Å"began to see herself already as the admired wife of the young headmaster, the queen of the school. The wives of the other teachers would envy her position. She would set the fashion in everything†¦(Achebe, 1972). † Looking at the two stories and the roles of females in the texts, a generalization can be made stating that females, once in a married status, is asked to sacrifice certain needs that they had been accustomed to in their single life. Because of a family, the women in the stories were asked to be more mature than they actually were, thought of more important things than themselves and asked to understand others in turn. Belonging to a family that is ruled by the male, the lives of the two females could be seen as insignificant in comparison to their husbands. And because their opinions were often unheard, Nancy cannot be blamed for disillusioning herself with the prospect of being the â€Å"queen of the school†; neither can Mrs. Mallard be blamed for her blatant and straightforward yearning for freedom that had been evading him since she was married. Also, the two women could be seen as incomplete because they did not have children with whom to share their happiness with. Nancy had a husband who was busy tending to the needs of the school while Mrs. Mallard had a wife that traveled for business purposes. Both were left to search their own happiness. Word count: 1305 Reference: Achebe, Chinua. (1972). Dead Men’s Path. Girls at War and Other Stories. Harold Ober Associates Incorporated. 30 April 2009. http://www. emcp. com/product_catalog/school/litLink/Grade10/U10-02deadmen/selection. php Chopin, Kate. (1894). The Story of an Hour. 30 April 2009. http://www. vcu. edu/engweb/webtexts/hour/

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An Article Critique of Leaders in Social Networks

An Critique of Leaders in Social Networks - Article Example with this kind of social media is, whereby people rank the links of the most clicks website this helps understand who has been most searched and has more influence than the others in the public eyes. The limitation in this trying to identify that only the most followed are said to be the most liked which may not be the case. This method is known as page rank and, it is using this method that you will find that there are people who are found in page nine and they are still reflected in the important stage. There is another issue where the leader rank the formulation is different in probabilities and it is important to understand for it to be success a lot of calculation is put in place. Page rank does not take account of the logarithm that leader rank does not. It is important to for a ground note to all the links to the same network to the and all the number of users are intertwined to form the ground node. The problem with the PageRank is not effective to tie the chain of a ll the links that come through one website and it is for this reason that sometime the leader rank is more reliable and can progress to the next progress. These assumptions cannot be illustrated without the calculations of the probabilities and the chances of the chain of this entire fan zone. The chances of getting the right traffic is also limited to other issues such as the time zone and also net neutrality which forms the core question whether it is valid to follow the statistics of all this. The inverse proportion is not realistic as it favors those with many fans regardless of how many times they clique. There is a great chance that getting the right number of traffic cannot be achievable with the page rank but only with the leader rank. Though the people analyzing this always prepare with good intent it is only important we understand the interpretation of all this due to its complexities. This article does not really find a solid background of how many leaders earn their

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one or two particular Essay

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Ethics and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and Diversity - Essay Example Prior to that, all of the Equal Pay Act (1970), the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), the Race Relations Act (1976) and the Race Relations Amendment Act (2000), sought to ensure against both direct and indirect discrimination in the provision of goods and services and within the workplace. From the legal standpoint, therefore, diversity is obligatory. Legislature and regulations aside, the question is whether or not firms have an ethical duty to embrace workforce diversity and to ensure that they have a diverse workforce. While some scholars have argued that workforce diversity cannot be defined as an ethical obligation insofar as it could lead to the hiring of less qualified candidates simply because of their race, religion, or ethnicity, among others (Darr, 2002), other scholars maintain that it is an ethical obligation (Ludlum and Mascaloinov, 2004). Pending the presentation of a brief understanding of the implications of diversity and a review of the argument against it as an ethical obligation, the present research will argue in favour of workforce diversity as an ethical responsibility towards which all firms must aspire. The concept of diversity is an all-inclusive one and, refers to the collectivity of human differences and similarities along a given dimension (Cox, 1993). As pertains to a workforce, Caudron and Hayes (1997) maintain that both dimensions and measures of diversity include socioeconomic and psychographic characteristics, race, cultural and ethnic heritage, religion and belief systems, gender and sexual preferences and, age. Other significant dimensions and measures of diversity, although lesser appreciated and researched in relation to intra-organisational relations and dynamics, are political affiliations and socioeconomic and functional backgrounds (Gordon, 1995; Caudron and Hayes, 1997; Stockdale and Crosby, 2003; Gardenswartz , 2003; Barak, 2005). Arguing the above definition to be unjustifiably expansive, some researchers have called for a more precise focus on a particular set of diversity dimensions and measures. These are race, culture, gender, religion, and ethnicity. Indeed, by expanding the parameters of diversity to include age and sexual preferences, attention has been deflected from the more seminal of the diversity categories, chief amongst which are race and ethnicity (Cox, Lobel and McLeod, 1991; Polzer, Milton and Swann, 2002; Arrendondo, 2004; Squires, 2005; Ocon, 2006). It is in relation to the more seminal of these differences that scholars have argued the ethics of their implementation. 3 Suspect Ethics As earlier noted some scholars have disputed the ethics of workforce diversity and contend that its identification as an objective contradicts a firm's ethical obligation to hire employees on the basis of merit, qualifications and potential. The aforementioned criteria for candidate selection is nothing short of an ethical obligation which firms owe their stakeholders, job candidates, society and the economy at large (Mujtaba, 2006). As per the stated argument, firms owe their stakeholders, not to mention the economies within which they operate, a duty to perform in accordance with best practices guidelines. It further owes job candidates an ethical duty to acknowledge the more meritorious and qualified among them. When diversity becomes the objective, candidates are not selected according to merit and,

Paul's First Missionary Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Paul's First Missionary Journey - Essay Example Table of Contents Introduction 2 Dating Issues 5 Bringing God’s Message to the Gentiles 9 Implications for the Church 19 Conclusion 20 Bibliography 21 Introduction Paul was born in Tarsus as Saul1, into a devout Jewish family that brought him up â€Å"a member of the people of Israel, a Hebrew...; as to the law, a Pharisee†23. By that time, Tarsus was the metropolis of Cilicia, which had been administered by the governor of the Roman province of Syria4. There is a little mention of the city of Tarsus in the scriptures5; however, having been written about the time of Paul, Strabo’s Geography presents a more detailed account of the issue, stating that the city of Tarsus possessed a flourishing and powerful population, and all kinds of schools of rhetoric6. Another description of Tarsus is given by Flavius Philostratus in his Life of Apollonius, where the city is considered â€Å"harsh and strange and little conductive to the philosophic life†, and its citize ns nowhere else more addicted to luxury7. From looking at these accounts of Paul’s place of birth, one would envisage an important city, whose self-confident inhabitants lived more or less a comfortable life, in a â€Å"proud and virile atmosphere of mental and physical achievement†8. According to Paul’s own words, not only could his family trace their line of descent back to â€Å"the tribe of Benjamin†9 – they also adhered very strictly to the way of life regulated by the stipulations of the Jewish law – â€Å"circumcised on the eighth day†10 – and maintained close ties with the Jewish community in Palestine11. Some scholars point out that the traditional concept of Paul’s personality could be traced back to the second-century apocryphal Acts of Paul –â€Å"Small of stature, balding, bow legs, large eyes, eyebrows meeting, nose slightly hooked†, with appearance â€Å"full of grace†, sometimes looki ng â€Å"more like an angel than a man†12. On the other hand, his writings imply a sign of specific weakness – â€Å"a thorn was given to me in the flesh†13, which has been variously interpreted in terms of a physical defect, whether epilepsy, leprosy, or even stigmata14. Compelling evidence of Paul’s education is provided throughout his letters, insofar as some of his ideas, theological assertions, and terminology could be paralleled in rabbinic Judaism15; however, an explicit account of the issue is found in Acts of the Apostles – â€Å"brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, educated strictly according to our ancestral law†16. On the other hand, the style of Paul’s letters, e.g. literary patterns, hint other educational influences, namely Roman, Hellenistic stoic philosophy, etc.17 The turning point in Paul’s life – from a persecutor of the Church of God to the apostolic commission to preach the word of God t o the Gentiles – is widely believed to have taken place during the Damascus episode18. Nevertheless, Paul’s own account in his letter to the Galatians speaks of the continuity of divine action19, which had actually began before his birth – â€Å"†¦God, who had set me apart before I was born and called me through his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, so

Planning for Emergencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning for Emergencies - Essay Example The causes may be different. However, the aftermath consisting of relief operations put up by governmental and non-governmental organizations are identical. They inevitably comprise the military, medical organizations including hospitals, social concerns, and trained volunteers. In terms of disaster management, there is no state as vulnerable and varied as Washington. Washington is a mountainous state and has a coastline making it vulnerable to avalanches, drought, earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms and wildfires. These are acts of nature or God. Man made disasters, other than terrorism, can happen due to hazards from abandoned mines, chemical wastes, and on lesser scale problems associated with dam breaches, nuclear mishaps, etc. Washington has large industries and business enterprises. This fact makes Washington quite vulnerable to terrorist attack. Acts of terrorism do not always happen by gun-totting misfits. They can get carried out through infringement of chemical, biological and even radio-active sources on a large scale. In order to handle disasters of either acts of God or human make, it is necessary to have in place a unique and ready organization equipped with the latest gadgets and trained thoroughly to carry out plans and analysis, and execute all operations from cutting through mangled steel and mortar debris to attending the victims who have either lost their lives or limbs. This is easier said than done because after the disaster has struck there is confusion and disorder. The confusion and disorder arise due to breakdown in the routine communication and transportation systems and people at the helm are grappling with right and wrong information. It is difficult to deal in situations where rumors are as ripe as reality and news of needy survivors or dead keep coming from all directions. In order to adequately meet all emergencies in the shortest time possible, it is necessary to have one chain of command and hand over all cases and responsibilities to this command. The question arises. Who will take up such responsibility This person must be of high moral stature, experienced, well informed, a team leader and capable of handling situations in high stressful conditions. He leads a team of trained, dedicated men and women who are conversant in handling emergency situations complete with capability in meeting mental and physical strain including medical care. This team must be capable of providing shelter, care and food to families and individuals affected by the disaster within the affected areas. A part of the team must be thorough in the field of medicine to provide medical care wherever needed. The need of hospitals and other medical centers is paramount in times of disaster. By the way, it is also important to keep away spectators and others who are there only to get a view of what is going on. The reporting system must adequately address dissemination of truthful information so that unnecessary crowding is avoided. Obviously, the size of the team providing care and

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This in turn allows the organisations to formulate the marketing plan and strategies accordingly. Owing to increasing globalization and changes in the overall world, customers have now become more aware (Leslie, 1995). This in turn has increased the importance of customers in the process of formulating different strategies. It has become essential for the organisations to understand the attitudes and behaviour of the consumers, in order to ensure that the respective products have high acceptance and demand. Marketing plans and strategies are used by the organisations in order to increase the visibility and demand of the product. If these marketing strategies are integrated with the consumer behaviour and attitudes, the impact of these strategies can be improved (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988). In this report an attempt has been made to understand the influence of these consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing strategies of the organisations. Different marketing activities of Coca Cola have been used to explain the use of these models and theories in order to influence the process of decision making and consumer choice. For this purpose, it is first important to understand the relationship of marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. Once, understanding of this relationship will be developed it will become easier to comprehend the impact of different consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing activities of the organisation (Vermeulen & Seegers, 2009). Most of the large organisations are aware of the importance of the understanding of consumer behaviour. Understanding the attitudes and behaviour of consumer enables the organisations to ensure the long term profits and growths associated with the products being offered (Gardner, 1985). First step in the process of formulating effective and efficient marketing strategy in order to survive in competitive industry is understanding and anticipating the consumer behaviour (Hawkins &

Bookertee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bookertee - Essay Example He stressed that Blacks were not ready for the traditional form of education; rather they should take up an occupation or a skill by which they can support themselves. Washington showed a path to the struggling Negroes by which they can create their basic identity and be self sufficient in the long run. However, there were negative aspects to this plan as future academics such as Du Bois pointed out. Washington had stressed that the Blacks needed selective education, that they were not ready to be educated in the traditional form. But, according to Du Bois the African Americans deserved the same form of education as the Whites. He believed in the philosophy that Fast and Fury wins the race. According to him unless and until the Blacks made a struggle to educate themselves they would limit themselves to the lower segment of society prone to be harassed by the Southern Whites. Another negative aspect of the plan was Washington’s stress that the Blacks adopt a subordinate role towards the Southern Whites. He is actually asking the Blacks to let go of their struggle against Whites and continue to be backward and underprivileged member of the society. IF the Blacks had continued to follow his advice, there would not have been many prominent African Americans in the country. According to me Washington was right in asking the Blacks to take an academic route to liberate them from White oppressiveness. He asked the members of his community to stick to education and acquire any useful trade so as to gain economic independence. A steady income would help in supplementing all the essential elements of life. Education would open their mind to newer possibilities in life and make them come out of their shell. This policy is still followed by a number of African American of today who have shifted to trade and commerce to acquire richness in life and move ahead in the economic ladder. a. A Negro Love Story: This poem

Expanding your business to China Essay Example for Free

Expanding your business to China Essay There are many advantages to expanding your business to China. Not only is China considered one of the largest economies in the world, it also has a vast emerging market that is still growing (Startup Overseas). Although China has embraced many Western Business ethics and practices, there are still numerous cross-cultural differences that can make it difficult to succeed without sufficient research and knowledge of the culture. Examples of these cross cultural differences include the Chinese’ attitude toward work and workplace, the labor laws, and how Chinese businesses collaborate with other organizations. More differences include how we market and sell a product, and how pricing differs between our two countries. Perhaps the most important differences are those of ethical positions, such as child labor and sexism. A Chinese worker’s attitude toward the job and the workplace depends on what position they have in an organization. China is considered a collectivist society, which means the majority of people within the society act in the interests of the group and not necessarily themselves (Geert Hofstede, 2010). The United States is considered an individualistic society and emphasizes the importance of the individual. This also applies to the way these countries do business. A collectivist business may have a team of workers contributing to satisfy all the customers, whereas an individualistic business may have several individual representatives who each have their own client list. Another difference in the workplace is how large an organization’s Power Distance is. Power distance is the acceptance that all individuals in the society are not equal (Geert Hofstede, 2010). China has a very large power distance, which means its’ workers accept the fact that there is a hierarchy within the organization, and they know their place within that organization. They expect power within the business to be distributed unequally. The United States has a lower Power Distance acceptance, which means that workers don’t accept that power is distributed unequally within the organization, and they expect to be treated as equals to even the people in the highest positions of the business. The Chinese also accept that decision making comes from the top, whereas in the U.S., everyone wants their suggestion and opinion to be heard, and they do not always accept decisions that are made within the organization. The  differences between Chinese and U.S. labor laws are subtle, but still worth mentioning. In China, a normal working week is 44 hours, with a maximum of 48 hours (only 4 hours of overtime is allotted). In the U.S., a normal working week is 40 hours, with overtime paid on any hours worked over that 40. Maternity leave is up to 3 months paid in China. In the U.S., Maternity leave is up to 12 months unpaid (at the company’s discretion). Surprisingly, women in China make 80.5% of what men in the same position make, whereas in the U.S., women only make 70% of what men make in the same position (Guo). In China, businesses tend to put an emphasis on personal relationships between business partners. An initial business meeting will consist of getting to know the personality and lifestyles of the one you are entering into a relationship with (Graf). Chinese business owners will want a loyal friendship when considering associations. This system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business and other dealings is called guanxi (Mah, 2012). In the United States, owners of a business as well as the workers within that organization strive to keep their personal and professional lives different. Though some partners end up being friends, and many workers build friendships outside of the workplace, it is not the intention at the start of a business relationship. Gift giving is also a large cultural difference. In the United States, if a gift is given at the start of a business meeting, or the start of an association, it can be seen as bribery or a way to make businesses feel obligated in working together. Chinese organizations are much more accepting of gifts although certain etiquettes must be followed in order for the gift to be given in good faith (Culture Crossing Guide). For example, gifts must be nicely wrapped and may not be opened right away unless prompted to do so. Also, do not give any gifts such as clocks, flowers, or cutting instruments as it is considered disrespectful. Negotiation style is a major difference between the United States and China. In China, social context, personal relations, and non-verbal behavior are very important in negotiation. There are usually many people from the  company who attend the meeting to discuss any topics that need negotiation. Americans value legal contracts and documents over personal relationships, and do not put as much stock in body language. American businesses usually only send one or two people do the negotiating on behalf of the entire company. For the purposes of this paper, let us assume that an American Company has seen great success with its toy product. This company is looking to expand its business to China. There is usually a demand for toys in any country and in China, 17.1% (roughly 223 million) of the nation’s population is under 14 years old (Central Intelligence Agency). Research also shows that the total retail sales of toys in China have increased by 14.2% since 2010 (HKTDC Research, 2014). The Design of this toy would have to be carefully rethought, particularly if it is a doll or Barbie type toy. The doll would have to be remanufactured to suit the needs of the children in China. Skin Color, Clothing, and accessories would all need to be redesigned. For example, although most girl-intended American Dolls wear pink, pink is considered a gender-neutral color in China. The color white is also associated with death and mourning, so any â€Å"wedding dress† dolls would need to be recolored to the traditional Chinese color of red (KaiWen, 2010). The clothing of the doll would probably have to become more modest. In looking at Chinese dolls, most are dressed in Geisha style robes. The United States dolls tend to show more â€Å"skin.† The packaging of the doll would also have to be translated to Chinese. The company would also need to avoid any symbolism that might offend Chinese parents or even the government, such as any American paraphernalia, like the flag, or anything with a religious context, like a cross. Imagine the price of this toy is $5.00. The value of a $1.00 is equal to 117.78 ( ¥). That would mean that the exchange rate on the toy would be $588.90. But with the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) factor, we know that China’s market exchange rate is .6 (World Bank, International Comparison Program Database, 2014). This means that China would actually pay 60% of what the United States would pay for the toy. The price of the toy would be  353.34  ¥. This price could be adjusted depending on competition in the Chinese market. The American company would also need to increase the price based on exporting costs. A sale price, or discounted price, in China is also different from what a sale price would be considered in the United States. In the U.S., if a product is on sale, the advertisement might say â€Å"10% off.† In China, they advertise the percentage of the price that you would pay for, in this example â€Å"90%† (Tyson, 2014). Good times for sales would be around National Chinese Holidays, such as the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival), May Day, or the Mid-Autumn Festival. Several sales channels can be used to promote a product in China. Traditional avenues include major shopping centers, specialty stores, and franchise chains. There is also the internet platform and many sites such as Amazon or Baby.tmall.com. One of the best ways to break into the toy market in China is to have the toy include educational or technological aspects. This would help broaden the available channels of the toys to include museums, zoos, and electronic stores. This is very different from the United States, who tends to promote and market to the different genders. Most American toys are either for girls or for boys; there aren’t very many gender-neutral toys. Just like in the United States, China has import and trade regulations. Some of these regulations include import inspection (Regulations for the Administration of Inspection of Toy Imports and Exports), attention to the potential danger of toys, China Compulsory Certification (CCC), and standards such as plush toy fillings should be even and of an appropriate softness with no hard objects inside. It is also worth noting the Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China, where four levels of standards are stipulated: national standards, industry standards, local standards, and enterprise standards. This company will have to adhere to all of these standard and regulations in order to export the toys from the United States to China. Another option for the company would be to open a factory in China, or use a preexisting Chinese toy factory to manufacture the toys and sell / distribute locally. In order to reach the more rural  areas of China, this company might consider making a deal with a Chinese company that already distributes to those small towns and rural areas. If this company does decide to open a factory in China, or utilize a preexisting factory, it will have to deal with ethical issues such as child labor, and sexism. Child labor has been a widely controversial issue for many years. The PRC Law on the Protection of Minors was first passed in 1991, and the newly revised Minors Protection Law entered the force in 2007. Many International rights documents have also been implemented by the UN (Library of Congress). Although the child labor conditions have been described as â€Å"improved† in China, there are actually no statistics or documentation to back it up. We still hear reports of Child Labor issues existing in China. As a company looking to do business in China, it is important to set certain standards within the organization that do not support and do penalize child labor. Although women in China make a higher percentage of what men make (80.5%) than what women in American make compared to men (70%), there is still a lot of sexism in the society and the culture of Chinese businesses. For example, women must always greet men first, and it is not acceptable for women to look men in the eye. Women are not allowed in higher or executive positions within the organization. Women are still expected to meet a nice man, get married, have children, and take care of the household. Not to mention the fact that having a son is extremely preferable to having a daughter in most Chinese families. While this behavior would be considered abhorrent (mostly) in Western cultures, foreign businesses may actually benefit from China’s oversight in regards to women. Foreign businesses may hire the talented women for executive positions that Chinese businesses have ignored or cast aside (Harris, 2010). While there are many differences between the Chinese culture and ethics from those of the United States, expanding a business in China can be mutually beneficial and successful. There is a balance between Chinese and American societies and laws that must be found, or all parties may be unhappy. Before growing your business to a foreign country, much research and planning must be done. Or, as the Chinese proverb says, â€Å"if a thing’s worth doing, it’s worth doing well.† Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook: China. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html Culture Crossing Guide. (n.d.). China. Retrieved from Culture Crossing Guide: http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=43 Geert Hofstede, G. J. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill USA. Retrieved from The Hofstede Centre. Graf, R. (n.d.). 10 Major Cultural Differences Between China and the United States. Retrieved from Hubpages: http://hubpages.com/hub/10-Major-Cultural-DifferencesChina-and-the-UnitedStates Guo, B. (n.d.). Chinas Labor Standards: Myths and Realities. Retrieved from academia.edu: http://www.academia.edu/165449/China_s_Labor_Standards_Myths_and_Realities Harris, D. (2010, 12 16). Sexism in Cina. A Good Thing for Foreign Business? Retrieved from China Law Blog: http://www.chinalawblog.com/2010/12/sexism_china_style_a_good_thing_for_foreign_busine ss.html HKTDC Research. (2014, 09 18). Chinas Toy Market. Retrieved from HKTDC Research: http://chinatrade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/China-Consumer-Market/China-s-toymarket/ccm/en/1/1X000000/1X002MRF.htm KaiWen. (2010, 11 09). Ask the Chinese Girl. Retrieved from Blogspot: http://ask-a-chineseguy.blogspot.com/2010/11/colors-in-chinese-culture.html Library of Congress. (n.d.). Childrens Rights: China. Retrieved from Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Mah, R. (2012, 11 23). Cultural Differences Between America and China. Retrieved from World-Class Business Etiquette: http://www.etiquetteoutreach.com/blog_new-york-etiquetteguide/bid/92662/Cultural-Differences-Between-America-and-China Startup Overseas. (n.d.). Expanding a Business in China. Retrieved from Startup Overseas: http://www.startupoverseas.co.uk/expanding-a-business-in-china# Tyson, K.

Describe the physical and economic factors Essay Example for Free

Describe the physical and economic factors Essay Bournemouth is Dorsets largest city. It has grown in size since the early 1800s to a population over 160,000 today. There are various reasons why Bournemouth is desirable and has attracted so many people. Bournemouth seems to have a certain charm that other British characteristics that many other seaside towns fail to offer. Physical: Bournemouth is situated on a Jurassic world heritage coastline meaning that it offers a beauty that other coastlines lack and people are aware of its beauty. Many new families are drawn to the area as they believe that it is a good area to raise a family, and that it holds good and secure prospects. Although not the vital factor when families relocate, people like to feel safe and have nice surroundings. Bournemouth has these; the city is approximately 21 miles away from the New Forest. The middle class families that choose towns such as Bournemouth like the fact that they are so close to beautiful pastures and cycle paths through the forests, as Cities such as London and Manchester do not offer such environmental diversity. Bournemouth is keen on keeping the building of new buildings as low as possible, encouraging developments to take place on unused brownfield sites to try and worsen the costal squeeze. Bournemouth wants to keep its rare assortment of coast, countryside and city developments. However, there are some new developments in the town; the Bournemouth Pavilion Gardens is a i 59 million project that will see a nine screen cinema, 15 restaurants and over 30+ shops using unused land to create the development. Economic: Unlike many other costal towns, Bournemouth has been fortunate enough to see an economic boom take place. The service sector in Bournemouth has taken off; more residents have seen employment in banking, finance and tourism/ leisure. JP Morgan, a large and well respected American ban has chosen Bournemouth to have a large office on the edge of the city, employing over 4000 people. With the likes of JP Morgan setting up offices here, it means that other banks such as Barclays and Abbey Life have chosen to have offices in Bournemouth. These companies also find Bournemouth desirable due to the university, with graduates finding well paid jobs in these footloose industries. This has some affect on stopping a brain drain that other seaside towns have experienced, with Bournemouth having a surprisingly bottom-heavy population for a British seaside town. Transport in and out of the city has greatly improved since the 1980s, in the late 80s the rail links were improved shortening the length of journeys to London to just 2 hours. This could mean people decide to commute from Bournemouth to London. However, the airport has helped Bournemouth economically develop, with links to cities all over Europe it will continue the cycle that JP Morgan by setting up office in the town, due to its proximity to London and links to Europe. Being the 3rd best airport in the world by The Telegraph newspaper will give it some extra prestige too. Although the tourist trade in Bournemouth is not what it once would have been; now a lot more day-trippers are visiting the town. People might be staying the New Forest and visit Bournemouth for a day. Alternatively, people are using the train links from London to Bournemouth to visit for the day too, leaving early in the morning and returning in the evening. They are not spending as much as people who would have once holidayed here for the week, but are still contributing to the upkeep of Bournemouths economy. In conclusion, Bournemouth is a crowded coast due to having career prospects that entice the young to stay in the town. There is not as big a case of a brain-drain that other coastal towns may experience. With over 62% of the population being under the age of 49 it means the town is not just a retirement town that other costal towns such as Walton- on- the Naze have experienced. People inwardly migrate here due to the towns environmental diversity. Some middle class families find that raising children in a town such as Bournemouth is a safer environment than a city. Bournemouth is only 2 hours from London, offering cheaper house prices, a sluggish but achievable commute to London and its proximity to the national park the New Forest have all contributed to Bournemouth being a crowded coast in the 21st century.

Herbert Packer: Crime Control Model

Herbert Packer: Crime Control Model Herbert Packers Crime Control Model and Due Process Model Herbert Packers Crime Control Model of Criminal Justice is More Needed Today Than the Due Process Model of Deterring Crime. In contemporary society, criminal justice is defined as governments policy and legal obligations to ensure the accused and the victim are treated justly by the law enforcement agencies. Criminal justice system, however, varies from government to government depending on the inclination taken by the law enforcers in deterring crime. Indeed the major work of criminal justice is doing justice, controlling crime and preventing crime (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2012, pg, 126). It is achieved through rules and regulations of justice institutions, arresting, prosecuting and punishing offenders and incorporating the efforts of the citizens in crime prevention. For criminal justice to effectively achieve its goals, the system adopts a model which is constitutionally and procedurally applicable. The most common model is Herbert Packers crime-control model and due process model. Crime Control Model According to Bibas (2012, pg, 30), crime-control model is based on the need to convict the guilty and do so accurately without delay, and at the same breath ensure efficiency. Law enforcers have a duty to avoid to be seen going against the law, since they too cannot escape scrutiny from the legal representatives of the victims. It is aimed at reducing incidence of crime within the society without considering or curtailing accused individuals rights. It increases the prosecutorial powers of law enforcement agencies and believes that crime can be reduced by arresting and punishing the offender. Jaishankar (2009, pg, 261) explains the crime control model as the suppression of criminal activities without any delays, it allows for extrajudicial processes so long as the offender is convicted. In this model, societal comfort overrides individual rights and, therefore, the government is obliged to do anything to protect the society. The failure of the law enforcement agencies to eliminate th e occurrence of criminal conducts is viewed as a lapse in public order and deterioration in human freedom (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 261). In order for the crime –control model to achieve its intentions, efficiency must be paramount within the criminal justice system. The system should have the capacity to apprehend, try, convict and dispose of criminal of offenders. Unlike the due process model, the crime control model is swift, since it works prior to an actual crime (Purpura, 2011, pg, 164); the governments burden of proof is minimal compared to other models (Hall, 2014, pg, 337). The Due Process Model The due process model places emphasis on the integrity of human rights, factual guilt and the fairness of the process (Hall, 2014, pg, 336). It combines the liberal criminology and the general procedural fairness for the accused, since his arrest, through the prosecution (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). Generally, this model is founded on the need to adhere to individual justice, treatment and rehabilitation of the guilty. Whenever discretion in the criminal justice exists, then the accused civil rights should be protected in all circumstances (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). The most important consideration in the due process model is the supreme protection of individual rights; other efficiency factors like cost, speed, identifying and punishing offenders are a secondary consideration. Compared to the crime control model, due process model has a cumbersome process with low efficiency; the conviction standard is legal and factual and, therefore, the burden of proof must be convinced beyond doubt. ( Hall, 2014, pg, 337). Although the government has a high burden of proof, it has a leeway to intrusions; for instance, it requires minimal evidence to institute a search for a property than bind a defendant over to trial (Hall, 2014, pg, 337). Advocates for this model are protectors of civil rights and often view law enforcement officers as violators of constitutional rights (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). There is a notion that the minority and the poor are subjected to unfair treatment by the law. This perception is triggered by statistical data that indicate the poor and the marginalized groups are the most maltreated in the criminal justice system. It aims at protecting citizens from those who punish and treat them without regarding their constitutional rights. Many situations have been documented showing defendants who lacked resources suffering a wrong conviction only to be exonerated later when DNA is done (Siegel, 2008, pg, 478). In summary the due process model centers on accuracy in freeing the innocent, fairness and rights (Bibas, 2012, pg, 30). Parkers crime – control model and the due process model are valuable and enable civil forfeiture to be understood and analyzed (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 261). However, the two models have teething problems noted, firstly, crime control is the ultimate goal of criminal justice and, therefore, anything contrary to that tempers with this goal (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 262). Secondly, the due process model should not be compared with crime –control model because the former facilitates the achievement of the latter (Jaishankar, 2009, pg, 262). In the due process model the accused is perceived innocent until proven in a court of law, unlike the crime control model where the arrested should be punished. Supporting Crime – Control Model to Deter Crime Today In the two models, crime control model is more needed now that due process model in deterring crime. Research has indicated that criminal activities are on the rise globally than ever recorded in the history of man. Lynch (2004, pg, 59) indicates an increased incidence of crime reported in the unified crime reports in the United States of America. These statistics can be used to give a global projection of crime rate; increasing rate of crime in the USA can be extrapolated to indicate an increase in crime rates in the world. This is exemplified by the different technology oriented crimes like cyber- bullying, theft of information from the internet, identity theft, credit card fraud, bank fraud, telemarketing fraud, counterfeiting and terrorism all are new types of crime bein experienced globally. In addition, transnational crimes have increased due to relative free movement of people across countries. This scenario indicates a clear need to have efficient and reliable mechanisms of d ealing with this trend; such mechanism can be employed by the criminal justice system by adopting crime- control model. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports that due to increase in crime the office was established; it helps in capacity building of policy makers, practitioners in the area of crime prevention, experts, civil society and media in fighting the new wave. Indeed, certain individual rights must be sacrificed for the sake of the greater good. Since the inception of the term ‘War on Crime many crime control strategies which include increased patrols in high crime areas, traffic stops, undercover sting operations, aggressive raids and wiretapping surveillance has been employed. All these activities have minimal consideration of individual raids, but ultimately the society benefits more by peaceful existence. Like any other war, the fight against crime has causalities; however, the society eventually lives in peace. The proponents of due process model ignore the fact that the society is greater than an individual is. In any society, the guilty should not be protected at the expense of the innocent. For example, in America after the September 11th terrorist attack, many lives were lost and suffering caused due to the terrorist plans, the government had to make a decision whether it is prudent to protect the rights of a few individuals or to ensure the safety of all Americans. It is important to recognize that on numerous occasions people are faced with ideological challenges to make decisions about. One such issue occurred after September 11th when it was mandatory to identify, search and eliminate terrorists. The society due to increasing crime rates has complained about the polices pace of conducting investigations. This is a weakness of the due process model, particularly if the police are not certain whether a crime was committed (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2004, pg 78). Sometimes prosecutors face challenges were substantial evidence against the defendant is lacking, but the accused committed the crime; under due process model, such accused should be exonerated (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2004, pg 78). Most of the accused released due to lack of credible evidence continue perpetrating crime in the society, however, some of them are threatened and intimidated. In the old adage, two wrongs do not make a right one would argue that denial of the accused individual rights is not right even if he indeed has done wrong. Importantly, strategies, crime perpetrators engage in are dynamic (Braga, Flynn, Kelling and Cole, 2011, pg, 22), this requires the criminal justice to be dynamic in its approach including being inhuman in some aspects. The latest crime control mechanism, which involved eavesdropping on Germanys chancellor conversations, was an infringement on her individual rights and freedom of association. It led to an international outcry, however, that was part of the contemporary strategy to control crime in an era when criminal activities have evolved. Around the world, there is a criminal justice shift towards crime control model ( Braga, et. al. 2011,pg, 29). This is a proactive approach where suspects prior to committing a crime are arrested, prosecuted to isolate them from the society. Modern day concentration camps exist in many countries, including but not to Americas Gautama Bay, the essence is isolating crime perpetrators and letting the society continue with normal lives. Conclusion Seemingly, compared to due process model, which is more sympathetic to the innocent; crime- control model is dynamic, proactive and helps maintain order in the society. It is important as it is used in contemporary criminal justice systems to deter many people who may have intentions of committing a crime. The strategies employed will enable many governments to efficiently and affordably deter the occurrence of crime in their areas of jurisdiction. Transnational movement of people influenced by the globalization result to many offenders evading justice where they perpetrated. The Crime – control model is suitable in ensuring fast dispensation of justice. References Bibas, S. (2012). The Machinery in Criminal Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Braga, A. A., Flynn, E., Kelling, G. and Cole, C. (2011). New Perceptive in Policing: Moving the work of Criminal Investigators Towards Crime Control. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Cole, G., Smith, C. and DeJong C. (2012). The American System of Criminal Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014 Hall, D.E. (2014). Criminal Law and Procedure. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Jainshankar, K. (2009). International Perspectives on Crime and Justice. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. (2004). (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. Lynch, A. (2004). Understanding Crime Statistics. Web. Accessed on 14.5.2015 Purpura, P. (2011). Terrorism and Homeland Security: An Introduction with Applications. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014 Siegel, L. (2008). Criminology. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (Ned) Crime Congress. Web. Accessed on 15.5.2014

Jean Rhys Use of Conflicting Narratives of Antoinette and Rochester in

Jean Rhys' Use of Conflicting Narratives of Antoinette and Rochester in "Wide Sargasso Sea" There are many techniques Jean Rhys uses to bring across the point that the narrators are unreliable and the truth twisted, it is an interesting and effective idea as it makes the reader feel confused on who to trust and really involves them in the book, they become party to the secrets. Rhys’ book is so complex as it is obviously linked to the Classic book- ‘Jane Eyre’; this is classic English literature and therefore is always in our minds during WSS. Those that have read ‘Jane Eyre’ normally like to trust Jane as she is a heroine who we have sympathy for; we are introduced to her from when she is young so we know and understand her and how she behaves. Also in ‘Jane Eyre’, Mr.Rochester comes across very innocent, you believe he is trustworthy and that he loves Jane, you want them to be happy together- when he reveals his 'mad wife' to Jane you feel sympathy for him as he is in such a bad situation, you also feel sympathy for Jane; you feel resentful towards Bertha as she ruined what Jane and Rochester could have had; it is easy to feel like this as you don’t know her, as you do in WSS. Bertha, in ‘Jane Eyre’, gets locked up in a luxury place; it seems she has her own 'quarters' unlike in WSS. When you read WSS I felt less sympathy for Mr.Rochester because you don’t really get the impression that he loves Antoinette and that he is only marrying her for money. Another factor that creates contrast between these novels is it is set in a midst of strange confusing things (WSS) and a completely different culture, which is chaotic and primitive, this makes us more misplaced. Whereas in ‘Jane Eyre’ the culture is... ...ve in Jane. However I think eh main reason why I find Antoinette more credible is because we here from her from the start, when she is young. When we are first introduced to Rochester’s narrative we are lost in the switch from part to part so we don’t get so in-depth with him, Antoinette starts the novel so we trust her account; it’s the first we hear. I generally feel more sympathy for her two as she was never favoured or appreciated as a young child, rejected by her mother, father, only friend Tia (who steals her dress), when she is finally accepted by Richard Mason (stepfather) it is to sell her off to Mr. Rochester who then accepts her but late rejects her by- sleeping with her slave whilst she can hear them. She has little power as a woman and so has to live with these changes made by others. This is why I feel sympathy for Antoinette over Rochester. Jean Rhys' Use of Conflicting Narratives of Antoinette and Rochester in Jean Rhys' Use of Conflicting Narratives of Antoinette and Rochester in "Wide Sargasso Sea" There are many techniques Jean Rhys uses to bring across the point that the narrators are unreliable and the truth twisted, it is an interesting and effective idea as it makes the reader feel confused on who to trust and really involves them in the book, they become party to the secrets. Rhys’ book is so complex as it is obviously linked to the Classic book- ‘Jane Eyre’; this is classic English literature and therefore is always in our minds during WSS. Those that have read ‘Jane Eyre’ normally like to trust Jane as she is a heroine who we have sympathy for; we are introduced to her from when she is young so we know and understand her and how she behaves. Also in ‘Jane Eyre’, Mr.Rochester comes across very innocent, you believe he is trustworthy and that he loves Jane, you want them to be happy together- when he reveals his 'mad wife' to Jane you feel sympathy for him as he is in such a bad situation, you also feel sympathy for Jane; you feel resentful towards Bertha as she ruined what Jane and Rochester could have had; it is easy to feel like this as you don’t know her, as you do in WSS. Bertha, in ‘Jane Eyre’, gets locked up in a luxury place; it seems she has her own 'quarters' unlike in WSS. When you read WSS I felt less sympathy for Mr.Rochester because you don’t really get the impression that he loves Antoinette and that he is only marrying her for money. Another factor that creates contrast between these novels is it is set in a midst of strange confusing things (WSS) and a completely different culture, which is chaotic and primitive, this makes us more misplaced. Whereas in ‘Jane Eyre’ the culture is... ...ve in Jane. However I think eh main reason why I find Antoinette more credible is because we here from her from the start, when she is young. When we are first introduced to Rochester’s narrative we are lost in the switch from part to part so we don’t get so in-depth with him, Antoinette starts the novel so we trust her account; it’s the first we hear. I generally feel more sympathy for her two as she was never favoured or appreciated as a young child, rejected by her mother, father, only friend Tia (who steals her dress), when she is finally accepted by Richard Mason (stepfather) it is to sell her off to Mr. Rochester who then accepts her but late rejects her by- sleeping with her slave whilst she can hear them. She has little power as a woman and so has to live with these changes made by others. This is why I feel sympathy for Antoinette over Rochester.

The Life And Death Of 2pac :: essays research papers

The Life and Death of 2Pac In the stifling post-boxing match Las Vegas traffic jam, a new black 1996 BMW inched along impatiently, it's gold detailing glimmering brightly under the street lights. Any attempt to catch a glimpse of the passengers within the tinted windows revealed only a distorted reflection of the chaotic, yet relatively motionless urban scene. The glass sunroof slid open and a dark figure rose partly through the opening, like a tank commander surveying the horizon for signs of the enemy. Discreetly the rear window of a nearby car rolled down as it approached, and the muzzle of a gun emerged slightly. The gun, almost indiscernible from the cavernous blackness inside the car, spewed out thirteen bullets, each one punctuated by a startling yellow flash and a reverberating crack that cut through the buzz of the traffic. In one blurred and sweeping motion the black BMW roared to life, accelerating across the traffic flow and towards the oncoming cars, retreating from the scene as the dark figure collapsed li mply back into the vehicle. This incident is not a scene from a DeNiro/Pacino mobster movie. Nor is it an episode from an Oliver Stone or Quentin Tarrantino film. In fact, it is not a scene from any movie, although the story will likely wind up as a made- for-television drama. Rather, it is the dramatic finale of the life of rapper/actor Tupac Amaru Shakur, who was shot four times during this escapade while traveling from a Mike Tyson fight to a nearby club on September 7th. He later died of the wounds, after six days of intensive care and several unsuccessful operations. Tupac Amaru, or 2Pac, as he spelled it --distinguishing him from the violent Peruvian terrorist group of the same name-- was one of today's most popular "gangsta rappers." His lyrics are usually vulgar, offensive, and explicit, and glorify the type of life that he and many other gangsta rappers lead. They depict violence, drug use, crime and sexual abuse as acceptable, and as a necessary way of life. They often go so far as to threaten the lives of rappers from rival record labels, with whom he has an East/West coast disagreement resulting in sporadic violent episodes and threat volleys. Such lyrics as Tupac wrote accurately depicted his dangerous lifestyle. Unlike some other gangsta rappers who conjure the image only for money, he actually led the "thug life", as the tattoo on his stomach describes it. He was a magnet for violence, as his police record illustrates. He served eight months out of a three year sentence for sexual assault, and was to face sentencing this

Asthma Essay -- essays research papers fc

Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death. Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma. More than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, with nearly 5 million cases occurring in children under age 18. In the United States, asthma causes nearly 5,500 deaths each year. Asthma occurs in males and females of all ages, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic levels. For reasons not completely understood, asthma is generally more common in poor urban neighborhoods, in cold climates, and in industrialized countries. Among all Americans, the prevalence of asthma increased more than 60 percent between 1982 and 1994, especially among children. Deaths from asthma increased more than 55 percent from 1979 to 1992. Scientists suspect that increased exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke, growing populations in polluted city centers, and new housing that is poorly ventilated contribute to the increase in asthma cases. Breathing Every cell in the human body requires oxygen to function, and the lungs make that oxygen available. With every breath we take, air travels to the lungs through a series of tubes and airways. After passing through the mouth and throat, air moves through the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, and then through the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, called the right bronchus and the left bronchus, that connect directly to the lungs. Air continues through the bronchi, which divide into smaller and smaller air passages in the lungs, called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries. Here, deep in the lungs, oxygen diffuses through the alveoli walls and into the blood in the capillaries and gaseous waste products in the blood—mainly carbon dioxide—diffuse through the capillary walls and into the alveoli. But if something prevents the oxygen from reaching t... ...ng, may provoke hyperventilation, a rapid inhalation of oxygen that causes the airway to narrow. In asthmatics, hyperventilation often results in an attack. Many asthmatics are especially sensitive to physical exercise in cold weather. Research suggests that genetic factors may increase the risk of developing the disorder. Children with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop asthma than other children. Despite this apparent genetic link, many people without a family history of asthma develop the disorder, and scientists continue to investigate additional causes. Treatment Physicians typically diagnose asthma by looking for the classic symptoms: episodic problems with breathing that include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. When symptoms alone fail to establish a diagnosis of asthma, doctors may use spirometry, a test that measures airflow. By comparing a patient’s normal airflow, airflow during an attack, and airflow after the application of asthma medication, doctors determine whether the medicine improves the patient’s breathing problems. If asthma medication helps, doctors usually diagnose the condition as asthma. Bibliography www.scienceworld.com

“The Lemon Tree” Essay

Film Viewing Assignment The film that I watched is called â€Å"The Lemon Tree† directed by Eran Riklis. The actors spoke in both Arabic and Hebrew, as its plot involved both Palestinians and Israelis. The film took place in the West Bank, Palestine. A middle-aged Palestinian widow named Salma Zidane lives on a property that belongs to her great grandparents. On this property is a field of lemon trees planted by her grandparents themselves when they were alive. This field provides her with a steady source of income and, I believe, a hidden sense of pride.In the film, she gets new neighbors living right across from her. They live exactly on the green line border between Israel and the West Bank. To her disadvantage, her new neighbor is the Israeli Defense Minister and his family. Not to my surprise however, the Defense Minister declares Salma’s field of trees as a threat to the Minister’s safety and quickly tries to initiate an order to uproot them. So, in turn, S alma tries to fight this order. She calls upon Ziad Daud, a young lawyer, to help her save her trees.What greatly interested me, however, was the invisible bond that had developed between Salma and the Minister’s wife, Mira Navon. This woman was portrayed as unhappy with her life in her new house and feels bad for Salma and her situation. They come from two separate worlds, yet they share similar feelings as individuals, rather than as Palestinians and Israelis. This was something I had hoped all viewers would notice and take into regard. Most of the time, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is never viewed as neutral.Both peoples are criticized, and in my belief, the Palestinians are targeted more harshly than the Israelis. Yet my point is that it is refreshing to see representatives from both parties seen as individuals who struggle with everyday problems, rather than entire minorities battling this ongoing situation. For the most part, this film did a great job of capturing l ife in Palestine and some Israel from a physical standpoint. It captured everything that I, as a Palestinian, am used to seeing.The entire plot was unique yet very accurate in its depiction of what the Israelis will do to sabotage the people and land that mark the very existence of a once peaceful Palestinian state. However, I did not appreciate the romance that occurred between Salma and her lawyer, Ziad. This is completely inaccurate of the Palestinian mentality. Since this was an independent film about a conflict that not many people are completely aware of, viewers will subconsciously or even consciously get a solid idea as to how the Palestinians behave from it.As I know them, Palestinians are very respectful people. They respect themselves and as far as being men and women, they know where they stand. Though a person can argue that Salma felt vulnerable due to the situation that she was in and the fact that she had no man in her life to really comfort her, one has to understan d that there are so many Palestinian families that have lost their husbands/wives/ siblings/kids and they do not invoke shame onto whatever is left of their family through romantic affairs.Yes, she was depressed, and yes she is alone, but the typical Palestinian woman will look to God, not another man, to help her get through her problems. Granted, this film does not depict the entire minority as a whole, but it is implied that Salma represents them. So being the representation of the Palestinians, she is scandalous and insecure. Meanwhile, the Israeli family is very clean and well-kept. They are shown as happy and celebrative at their house-warming party; While Salma and the visitors that we see are quite depressing.In class, we have very briefly discussed the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. It is an extremely controversial and sensitive issue, for we couldn’t even make it through twenty minutes on the subject without having a very defensive intruder raise his voice in the cla ss. Though we have learned that both the Jews and the Arabs have inhabited this land since a time that anthropologists cannot even track, it is still appalling to me how such people can be so inhumane. There is so much evidence, when searched for correctly and accurately, that the Palestinian existence is weakening.Cities are being attacked, villages demolished or evacuated, bombings, and families being destroyed are all brutal factors of the evidence. It is distinctly known through the Middle East that Israelis are destroying olive and lemon trees that are hundreds of years old. What is the point of this? To what extent is this humane and indicative of their desire for peace? Just typing about the topic enrages me. This film, produced by an Israeli, could have done a better job of portraying the Palestinians as stronger people. Though there are some nice aspects about the film, there is a lot that I would have changed.

Recruitment, selection and training in the service sector Essay

1. IntroductionOrganisations yield changed and ar changing as a result of a focus on the customers. It is now recognize that meeting customer unavoidably is the plate of any successful government. There may be a pressure to break sh beholders value, increase profit but it has recognise that the key is to achieve these objectives is to satisfy the customers. As W R Scott (1987) pointed out However, plaques argon not closed systems, sealed withdraw from their environments but be open to and mutualist on flows of mortalnel and resources from outside. Managers wish to comprehend their customers in order to meet those customers sine qua nons better. To meet customer withdraws as well as possible a company needs to provide goods and function At lower costAt maximum customer satisfactionWith agonistic advantages.The leaf node satisfaction starts at enlisting withRecruit the right round carry and motivate themEmpower them to deliver guest satisfactionAppraise, develop and incentive them.2. serve up industry characteristicsThe armed service industry is excess becauseThe service is delivered by pack to commonwealthThe service is produced and consumed at the same quantifyCustomers perception of service quality linked to esprit de corps of front-line staff. Characteristics of servePerishabilityContact considerencyInseparabilityVariability lack of ownershipIntangibilitySimultaneityAs Macken (1997) suggestsRecruiting people who ar wrong for the boldness provoke lead to increased press turnover, increased costs for the organisation, and lowering of goode in the existing drillforce.3. The Recruitment and cream processThe process of enlisting and natural selection are closely linked. Both activities are enjoin towards obtaining employees with the requisite competencies and attitudes, and enlisting activities cast the groundwork for the selection process by providing the kitten of appli crowd outts from whom the selectors may choose. Acc ording to metrical foot and Hook (2008, p.142-143) Recruitment can be defined asAll activities directed towards locating potential employees Attracting uses from suit satisfactory candidatesAims of the recruitment processTo obtain a pool of candidates for vacant postsTo use a modal(a) process and be able to testify that the process was fair To ensure that all(prenominal)(prenominal) recruitment activities contribute to organisational goals and a worthy organisational image To conduct recruitment activities in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Most compassionate resource management issue can be analysed in terms of well-grounded, honourable and business consideration Legal to coincide with anti-discrimination legislation ? hinge upon and race?The Sex Discrimination do 1975 (amended 1986)?The Race relative Act 1976 (amended2003)?The appointment Equality enactment 2003?Disability?The Disability Discrimination Act 1995?Age Diversity?The Employment (Age) Regulations 2006 honorable to avoid unfair discrimination for moral reasons as well as legal reasons Business to ensure that all travail is directed towardsachieving corporate goals.A be after and doctrinal approachTo be able to select the best available staff in the first place and to preserve them we need a planned and systematic approach. By Mullins (2002, p.739) such an approach involves at least five chief(prenominal) stages The need to know well-nigh the put-on to be filledThe need to know about the type of someone to do the avocationThe need to know the likely gist of best attracting a range of worthy applications The need to know how best to measure out the candidates likely sufficient for the suppose The need for induction and follow-up.The first step in the recruitment procedure is the job analysis, which is a process of gathering together all data about an existing job, which activities are performed and what skills are needed. There are or so basic data to include by Foot and Hook (2008, p.147) A translation of the duties performedThe most important or prudent dutiesTime spent on to each one obligationHow often each duty is performed (daily/weekly/monthly/annually) Levels of supervision/ emancipationThe skills and skill levels needed to perform each taskAny special conditions tie in to the performance of these tasks. The collected data are then structured to create job interpretations and person specifications. These documents are ingrained as a basic framework for recruitment and later selection as the root of employment contract as the examine of a fair process. The job description explains the total requirements of the job sets out the utilization of a job, where the job fits into the organisation structure, the main accountabilities and responsibilities of the job and the key tasks to be performed. commonly used elements are Job prenomenReporting structure?Responsible for?Reports to disposition and scopePurpose of the job capitu lum accountabilitiesMajor duties and responsibilitiesEmployment conditionsEach organisation can decide what factors should be include depend on the nature of the business. The person specification is a document that outlines the knowledge, skills, own(prenominal) attributes or qualities a person need to be able to perform well. Requirements can be categorised as essential or desirable.Several models of person specifications are available. Most widely cognize are Alec Rodger (1952) and Munro Fraser (1978).Rodgers seven-spot point plan which describe people in terms of Physical pretend (physical requirement)Attainments (education and training)General intelligenceSpecial aptitudes ( verbal, quantitative and diagrammatical abilities related to the job) Interest proneness (job related behaviours such as persuasiveness) quite a little (only job related such us availability for shift work) The criteria suggested by Frasers five-fold frameworkImpact on othersQualifications and run in to ( education, training and skills developed through work experience) Innate abilities (Similar to intelligence in Rodgers plan) MotivationFlexibility and emotional adjustment.It is real important to know where suitable applicants are likely to be found and how to hurl contact with them. The attracting of suitable applicants will depend on the nature of the business, the position to be filled and theurgency of need. Potential sources Employment service job centresCareer informatory officesPrivate employment agencies/ recruitment agencies captain and executive appointments registersHeadhunting or executive inquisitionInternet recruitment/ recruitment websitesadvertizingThe form of applications will vary from organisation to organisation and with the nature of the position to be filled. Examples Letters of applicationHandwritten entranceCurriculum Vitae (CV)Specially design applicationStandard application form individual(prenominal) callPreliminary interview.Selection is the le gal opinion of candidates for vacant jobs and the choice of the most suitable people. The systems of selection involve the short-listing of applicants and it should include an interview. The personal interviews still the most popular method of selection, even though research studies have found interviews to be poor predictors of emerging performance in a job (Makin and Robertson, 1986).