The, The Former Capital Of China - 1273 Words

Nanjing is the former capital of China. During this time, Japan was attempting to take over the entire nation of China. Japan had developed a plan to take over all of China in a span of just three months, starting with the invasion of Beijing. What the Japanese weren’t expecting was for China to put down a fight. With frustration arising and their plan falling apart, the Japanese decided to take over China’s capital, Nanjing. During the Battle of Shangai, Japanese army forces proved their dominance over the Chinese and took over in November. Following the Japanses victory at Shangai, 50,000 Japanese soldiers began their march to China’s capital: Nanking. Although the Japanese were greatly outnumbered, they fought to the death, entering the city on December 13, 1937. They were ordered to â€Å"kill all captives,† leading to 90,000 Chinese soldiers surrendering (The History Place, 2000). Japan’s history leading up to the massacre is an intriguing one. Unfriendly relations between Japan and China had an uprising in the early 1900’s. Before this rivalry began, Japan, growing as a military power, had intentions of taking over China and Korea. In 1876, Japan and Korea signed the Treaty of Kanghwa, making Korea â€Å"unilaterally independent, weakening China’s hold on Korea.† March of 1894, a domestic rebellion by the anti-foreigner Tonghak cult against the Korean monarchy was jointly put down by both Japanese and Chinese troops. After the revolt was quelled, China proposed the immediateShow MoreRelatedThe Party State Monitoring Of The State Owned Enterprise1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe party-state monitoring of the state-owned enterprise in China remains a puzzle to most of the observers as the party state aims at creating the actual market economy. The neo-liberal privatization of the SOEs should run by entirely independent legal individuals with some anonymity to operate on the commercial basis. However, various factors influence the corporate governance in China with the critical pillars including respect for the stakeholders in the enterprise and legal protection of disclosureRead MoreThe Growth Of China746 Words   |  3 Pagespurchasing power. China used to make and produce products at a low price, now they want to build the machines that make these products instead. Looking forward, there will be four main trends that will drive the growth of China’s economy even if   growth is very marginal. These trends are; the shift in investment, the shift in capital flows, the shift in consumer leverage, and the shift in shopping(ecommerce). The first trend is China’s shift in investment. Leading up until recently, China has had a ginormousRead MoreWhy Should Companies Leave China?1546 Words   |  7 Pages1 Introduction For many years, China has been known as the option for manufacturing abroad. There has been little thought about even considering any other country for manufacturing. However, times have changed. The entire economic battleground has shifted over the past few decades. As the years continue to go by, China begins to look less and less appealing. From rising costs to new competing markets, it looks like China’s near complete dominance in the marketplace is coming to an end. The questionRead MoreInstitutions, Investment, And Growth983 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermines how markets allocate investment capital, favoring both less risky and higher returning projects. Countries with institutions more consistent with economic freedom have lower taxation rates and less chance of asset seizure, making them more attractive destinations for investment capital. Secondly, prospective investment capital is less likely to be used to pay bribes or be confiscated by the governments of more economi cally free countries. Thus, the capital is more likely to create growth ratherRead MoreEmerging Economies And Globalization Of India And China1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket position, resource availability, human capital, as well as financial gains and efficiencies. For General Electric Healthcare (GEH), the strategy was clear: â€Å"...to revolutionize the world’s health by improving the quality, access and affordability of care.â€Å" (GE Healthcare, n.d.) For GEH, the position that they needed was clear, to find a cost effective way to meet their goal. And their choice was to expand their operations into India and China. Specifically, according to Kumar (2012), IndiaRead MoreThe Growth of Chinas Economy Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesSince the reform and opening up, the economy of China grows significantly, as an emerging economy, Chinas economy has made tremendous contributions to the global economy, and Renminbi has become one of the most important currency in the w orld. According to the survey conducted by China National Bureau of Statistics found that from 1979 to 2012, China has attained an annual average growth rate of 9.8% for its national economy, while the annual average growth of the world economy is only 2.8 % duringRead MoreJustification Of Agreement Research Paper1675 Words   |  7 Pagesintegrated systems consisting of 40% of total exports (World Trade Organization 2016). Malaysia has a labor force of 14.77 million, 11% in agriculture, 36% in industry, and 53% in services (CIA 2017). Malaysia’s largest export to the United States, China, and the European Union is integrated circuits and manufactured goods and vice versus. In the case of Kenya their main import from Malaysia is refined petroleum and 65% of its exports to Malaysia is tea. Brazil’s main exports to Malaysia is 37% ironRead MoreThe Great Country of Kazakhstan Essay example779 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, China, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan border Kazakhs tan. Kazakhstan four times the size of Texas has all different nationalities living and working together. The main resource in Kazakhstan is their oil supply; the pipeline found in the Caspian Sea is possibly the largest one in 30 years. President Nazarbayev has been in office since 1989 when the Soviet Union controlled it. The President has plans to increase the strength of the economy to gain respect and power among the other countriesRead MoreWhy Should China Ease Foreign Investors1526 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the raise of China as a super economy was done by creating a market economy with socialist characteristics aimed at making profit and its maximization, the country has maintained state ownership of the means of production and remained a closed economy. In order to accept foreign investors to operate in China, the government imposes that they must hold majority ownership. Easing inbound investment into China’s economy would bring a multitude of benefits to China including the internationalRead MoreInformative Speech On Business Culture Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagescould do business in China *General Purpose: To inform *Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience members will know more about the business practice in China. What you need to know to do business in China Introduction I. Attention Getter: Has anyone ever wanted to do business in China. II. Thesis Statement: Today, I will share with you the importance of the business culture in china III. Qualifications: I have always been interested in doing business in China, and before I do so

The, The Former Capital Of China - 1273 Words

Nanjing is the former capital of China. During this time, Japan was attempting to take over the entire nation of China. Japan had developed a plan to take over all of China in a span of just three months, starting with the invasion of Beijing. What the Japanese weren’t expecting was for China to put down a fight. With frustration arising and their plan falling apart, the Japanese decided to take over China’s capital, Nanjing. During the Battle of Shangai, Japanese army forces proved their dominance over the Chinese and took over in November. Following the Japanses victory at Shangai, 50,000 Japanese soldiers began their march to China’s capital: Nanking. Although the Japanese were greatly outnumbered, they fought to the death, entering the city on December 13, 1937. They were ordered to â€Å"kill all captives,† leading to 90,000 Chinese soldiers surrendering (The History Place, 2000). Japan’s history leading up to the massacre is an intriguing one. Unfriendly relations between Japan and China had an uprising in the early 1900’s. Before this rivalry began, Japan, growing as a military power, had intentions of taking over China and Korea. In 1876, Japan and Korea signed the Treaty of Kanghwa, making Korea â€Å"unilaterally independent, weakening China’s hold on Korea.† March of 1894, a domestic rebellion by the anti-foreigner Tonghak cult against the Korean monarchy was jointly put down by both Japanese and Chinese troops. After the revolt was quelled, China proposed the immediateShow MoreRelatedThe Party State Monitoring Of The State Owned Enterprise1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe party-state monitoring of the state-owned enterprise in China remains a puzzle to most of the observers as the party state aims at creating the actual market economy. The neo-liberal privatization of the SOEs should run by entirely independent legal individuals with some anonymity to operate on the commercial basis. However, various factors influence the corporate governance in China with the critical pillars including respect for the stakeholders in the enterprise and legal protection of disclosureRead MoreThe Growth Of China746 Words   |  3 Pagespurchasing power. China used to make and produce products at a low price, now they want to build the machines that make these products instead. Looking forward, there will be four main trends that will drive the growth of China’s economy even if   growth is very marginal. These trends are; the shift in investment, the shift in capital flows, the shift in consumer leverage, and the shift in shopping(ecommerce). The first trend is China’s shift in investment. Leading up until recently, China has had a ginormousRead MoreWhy Should Companies Leave China?1546 Words   |  7 Pages1 Introduction For many years, China has been known as the option for manufacturing abroad. There has been little thought about even considering any other country for manufacturing. However, times have changed. The entire economic battleground has shifted over the past few decades. As the years continue to go by, China begins to look less and less appealing. From rising costs to new competing markets, it looks like China’s near complete dominance in the marketplace is coming to an end. The questionRead MoreInstitutions, Investment, And Growth983 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermines how markets allocate investment capital, favoring both less risky and higher returning projects. Countries with institutions more consistent with economic freedom have lower taxation rates and less chance of asset seizure, making them more attractive destinations for investment capital. Secondly, prospective investment capital is less likely to be used to pay bribes or be confiscated by the governments of more economi cally free countries. Thus, the capital is more likely to create growth ratherRead MoreEmerging Economies And Globalization Of India And China1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket position, resource availability, human capital, as well as financial gains and efficiencies. For General Electric Healthcare (GEH), the strategy was clear: â€Å"...to revolutionize the world’s health by improving the quality, access and affordability of care.â€Å" (GE Healthcare, n.d.) For GEH, the position that they needed was clear, to find a cost effective way to meet their goal. And their choice was to expand their operations into India and China. Specifically, according to Kumar (2012), IndiaRead MoreThe Growth of Chinas Economy Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesSince the reform and opening up, the economy of China grows significantly, as an emerging economy, Chinas economy has made tremendous contributions to the global economy, and Renminbi has become one of the most important currency in the w orld. According to the survey conducted by China National Bureau of Statistics found that from 1979 to 2012, China has attained an annual average growth rate of 9.8% for its national economy, while the annual average growth of the world economy is only 2.8 % duringRead MoreJustification Of Agreement Research Paper1675 Words   |  7 Pagesintegrated systems consisting of 40% of total exports (World Trade Organization 2016). Malaysia has a labor force of 14.77 million, 11% in agriculture, 36% in industry, and 53% in services (CIA 2017). Malaysia’s largest export to the United States, China, and the European Union is integrated circuits and manufactured goods and vice versus. In the case of Kenya their main import from Malaysia is refined petroleum and 65% of its exports to Malaysia is tea. Brazil’s main exports to Malaysia is 37% ironRead MoreThe Great Country of Kazakhstan Essay example779 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, China, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan border Kazakhs tan. Kazakhstan four times the size of Texas has all different nationalities living and working together. The main resource in Kazakhstan is their oil supply; the pipeline found in the Caspian Sea is possibly the largest one in 30 years. President Nazarbayev has been in office since 1989 when the Soviet Union controlled it. The President has plans to increase the strength of the economy to gain respect and power among the other countriesRead MoreWhy Should China Ease Foreign Investors1526 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the raise of China as a super economy was done by creating a market economy with socialist characteristics aimed at making profit and its maximization, the country has maintained state ownership of the means of production and remained a closed economy. In order to accept foreign investors to operate in China, the government imposes that they must hold majority ownership. Easing inbound investment into China’s economy would bring a multitude of benefits to China including the internationalRead MoreInformative Speech On Business Culture Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagescould do business in China *General Purpose: To inform *Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience members will know more about the business practice in China. What you need to know to do business in China Introduction I. Attention Getter: Has anyone ever wanted to do business in China. II. Thesis Statement: Today, I will share with you the importance of the business culture in china III. Qualifications: I have always been interested in doing business in China, and before I do so

The, The Former Capital Of China - 1273 Words

Nanjing is the former capital of China. During this time, Japan was attempting to take over the entire nation of China. Japan had developed a plan to take over all of China in a span of just three months, starting with the invasion of Beijing. What the Japanese weren’t expecting was for China to put down a fight. With frustration arising and their plan falling apart, the Japanese decided to take over China’s capital, Nanjing. During the Battle of Shangai, Japanese army forces proved their dominance over the Chinese and took over in November. Following the Japanses victory at Shangai, 50,000 Japanese soldiers began their march to China’s capital: Nanking. Although the Japanese were greatly outnumbered, they fought to the death, entering the city on December 13, 1937. They were ordered to â€Å"kill all captives,† leading to 90,000 Chinese soldiers surrendering (The History Place, 2000). Japan’s history leading up to the massacre is an intriguing one. Unfriendly relations between Japan and China had an uprising in the early 1900’s. Before this rivalry began, Japan, growing as a military power, had intentions of taking over China and Korea. In 1876, Japan and Korea signed the Treaty of Kanghwa, making Korea â€Å"unilaterally independent, weakening China’s hold on Korea.† March of 1894, a domestic rebellion by the anti-foreigner Tonghak cult against the Korean monarchy was jointly put down by both Japanese and Chinese troops. After the revolt was quelled, China proposed the immediateShow MoreRelatedThe Party State Monitoring Of The State Owned Enterprise1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe party-state monitoring of the state-owned enterprise in China remains a puzzle to most of the observers as the party state aims at creating the actual market economy. The neo-liberal privatization of the SOEs should run by entirely independent legal individuals with some anonymity to operate on the commercial basis. However, various factors influence the corporate governance in China with the critical pillars including respect for the stakeholders in the enterprise and legal protection of disclosureRead MoreThe Growth Of China746 Words   |  3 Pagespurchasing power. China used to make and produce products at a low price, now they want to build the machines that make these products instead. Looking forward, there will be four main trends that will drive the growth of China’s economy even if   growth is very marginal. These trends are; the shift in investment, the shift in capital flows, the shift in consumer leverage, and the shift in shopping(ecommerce). The first trend is China’s shift in investment. Leading up until recently, China has had a ginormousRead MoreWhy Should Companies Leave China?1546 Words   |  7 Pages1 Introduction For many years, China has been known as the option for manufacturing abroad. There has been little thought about even considering any other country for manufacturing. However, times have changed. The entire economic battleground has shifted over the past few decades. As the years continue to go by, China begins to look less and less appealing. From rising costs to new competing markets, it looks like China’s near complete dominance in the marketplace is coming to an end. The questionRead MoreInstitutions, Investment, And Growth983 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermines how markets allocate investment capital, favoring both less risky and higher returning projects. Countries with institutions more consistent with economic freedom have lower taxation rates and less chance of asset seizure, making them more attractive destinations for investment capital. Secondly, prospective investment capital is less likely to be used to pay bribes or be confiscated by the governments of more economi cally free countries. Thus, the capital is more likely to create growth ratherRead MoreEmerging Economies And Globalization Of India And China1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket position, resource availability, human capital, as well as financial gains and efficiencies. For General Electric Healthcare (GEH), the strategy was clear: â€Å"...to revolutionize the world’s health by improving the quality, access and affordability of care.â€Å" (GE Healthcare, n.d.) For GEH, the position that they needed was clear, to find a cost effective way to meet their goal. And their choice was to expand their operations into India and China. Specifically, according to Kumar (2012), IndiaRead MoreThe Growth of Chinas Economy Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesSince the reform and opening up, the economy of China grows significantly, as an emerging economy, Chinas economy has made tremendous contributions to the global economy, and Renminbi has become one of the most important currency in the w orld. According to the survey conducted by China National Bureau of Statistics found that from 1979 to 2012, China has attained an annual average growth rate of 9.8% for its national economy, while the annual average growth of the world economy is only 2.8 % duringRead MoreJustification Of Agreement Research Paper1675 Words   |  7 Pagesintegrated systems consisting of 40% of total exports (World Trade Organization 2016). Malaysia has a labor force of 14.77 million, 11% in agriculture, 36% in industry, and 53% in services (CIA 2017). Malaysia’s largest export to the United States, China, and the European Union is integrated circuits and manufactured goods and vice versus. In the case of Kenya their main import from Malaysia is refined petroleum and 65% of its exports to Malaysia is tea. Brazil’s main exports to Malaysia is 37% ironRead MoreThe Great Country of Kazakhstan Essay example779 Words   |  4 PagesRussia, China, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan border Kazakhs tan. Kazakhstan four times the size of Texas has all different nationalities living and working together. The main resource in Kazakhstan is their oil supply; the pipeline found in the Caspian Sea is possibly the largest one in 30 years. President Nazarbayev has been in office since 1989 when the Soviet Union controlled it. The President has plans to increase the strength of the economy to gain respect and power among the other countriesRead MoreWhy Should China Ease Foreign Investors1526 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the raise of China as a super economy was done by creating a market economy with socialist characteristics aimed at making profit and its maximization, the country has maintained state ownership of the means of production and remained a closed economy. In order to accept foreign investors to operate in China, the government imposes that they must hold majority ownership. Easing inbound investment into China’s economy would bring a multitude of benefits to China including the internationalRead MoreInformative Speech On Business Culture Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagescould do business in China *General Purpose: To inform *Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience members will know more about the business practice in China. What you need to know to do business in China Introduction I. Attention Getter: Has anyone ever wanted to do business in China. II. Thesis Statement: Today, I will share with you the importance of the business culture in china III. Qualifications: I have always been interested in doing business in China, and before I do so

Success of the Haitian Revolution - 1897 Words

The Success of the Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was the result of a long struggle on the part of the slaves in the French colony of St. Domingue, but was also propelled by the free Mulattoes who had long faced the trials of being denoted as semi-citizens. This revolt was not unique, as there were several rebellions of its kind against the institution of plantation slavery in the Caribbean, but the Haitian Revolution the most successful. This had a great deal to do with the influence of the French Revolution, as it helped to inspire events in Haiti. The Haitian Revolution would go on to serve as a model for those affected by slavery throughout the world. As with every rebellion, The Haitian Revolution did not†¦show more content†¦After the king attempted to disperse this assembly, the sans culottes—the artisan masses of Paris who were enraged by the increasing cost of food—stormed the Bastille and commenced the great French Revolution. Riding a mass movement, the assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man announcing that all men are free and equal. Within the assembly the Amis Noirs, the Friends of the Blacks, demanded equal rights for the free men of color and gradual abolition of slavery itself. But the merchants and planters who had their representatives within the assembly attempted to silence even this mild demand for reform. At the heart of France’s bourgeoisie revolution for liberty, equality and fraternity lay a giant contradiction: racism and slavery. This contradiction between the proclaimed ideals of the revolution and the reality of bigotry and bondage would spark the slave revolution in San Domingue. . The French Revolution ignited all the conflicts in France’s precious colony. The big whites, small whites, and the free men of color split into hostile camps. The planters were nobles who after flirting with the idea of fighting for independence quickly became royalists. They obviously opposed the Rights of Man and defended feudalism. The merchants quaked in fear that their colonial slave economy was in jeopardy from the revolution that they themselves had started. Rights are noble and morally virtuous, but for the good bourgeois,Show MoreRelatedThe Haitian Revolution Essays1384 Words   |  6 Pages The Haitian revolution became the pedestal of slave or black rebellion across many nations in the world. Slaves around the world were seeking to be recognized as equals to their conquerors or colonizers and therefore uprisings began to develop after the orchestration of the first black uprising known as the Haitian revolution. A distinguished black leader Toussaint L’ouverture was one of the prominent leaders of the Haitian revolution. He advocated for equality, fraternity and libertyRead MoreCauses Of The Haitian Revolution1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe Haitian Revolution was a monumental event and success for slaves in Saint Domingue which resulted in the end of slavery in this colony and the creation of the independent nation state of Haiti. This revolution occurred from 1791 to 1804 and was known as the most successful slave revolt in history. Slaves were forced to work for no pay and were seen and treated like property instead of human beings. There were many contributing factors of the Haitian Revolution including debates over slaveryRead MoreThe Human Right of Freedsom in the Haitian and French Revolutions712 Words   |  3 Pagesand Haiti. These two revolutions, significant in their own ways, both were influenced from ideas sparked by the enlightenment. Though some similarities, the revolu tions were different in other ways as well. In France the peasant and middle classes fought to overthrow their monarch, while the Haitian slaves wanted their freedom by trying to overthrow the French government which at that time was controlling them. In the year 1791 both the Haitian Revolution and French Revolution were occurring. TheRead MoreRadicalism and Revolutions Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, revolutions have started because of new ideas that change thinking and disrupt what has come to be considered normal. During 1700s, the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions were no exception. The Enlightenment ideas that were spreading around this time lead people of these three nations to question their ruling elites, and to begin considering breaking free. Of these three, though, no one revolt can be seen as more radical when compared to the other two. Each was faced withRead MoreLouvertures Efforts as Leader of the Haitian Revolution Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Haitian Revolution was time of hectic blood shed war. Toussaint Louverture was the leader of the Haitians out of slavery and free from the Spanish. The colony of St. Domingue was a slave island, where slaves would work to make goods to be sent to Spain in return for nothing. The people were treated harsh and done wrong but by the efforts of Louverture they will become free. Louverture was the leader of the revolution but failed to complete his duties because of capture Jean- Jacques DessalinesRead MoreWhat Did The Haitian Revolution Do For End Racial Slavery And How Successful Was It?1381 Words   |  6 PagesAnneliese Carrascoso 3/2/17 What did the Haitian Revolution do to end racial slavery and how successful was it in doing so? The Haitian Revolution was the first ever ‘successful’ slave rebellion, which took place from 1791-1804. This was followed by the Independence of Haiti, Racial Slavery is the forced labor of individuals and discrimination based on race, in which racism and hatred are the core. Racial slavery leads to the dehumanization of the slave. One of the greatest instancesRead MoreThe Haitian Revolution1309 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Haitian Revolution which would last until 1804. The conditions of slave men and slave women were both poor, but the position of slave women was even lower than that of slave men. Although not completely equal by the end of the revolution, women were significantly closer to equality. They were allowed in combat, proving their bravery and exhibiting their expertise. A few specific slave women were brought into battle because of their husband’s role. The results of the Haitian Revolution, in termsRead MoreThe Success of the Hatian Revolution1004 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution is a forced end to a social system or government in order to have a new system. The revolution occurred due to inequalities, unsatis factory social conditions and political management. Many revolts occurred during the time of slavery but the Haitian revolution was the most prosperous revolution to occur. It took place in the French colony of Saint Domingue which is the colonial name of Haiti. It resulted in the removal of slavery and the establishment of the Republic of Haiti. Haiti wasRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1137 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican, French, and Haitian revolutions in some way all made radical changes to varying degrees, however the French revolution was the most radical of the three. The American revolution revolved around American gaining independence from Britain and ensured its citizens’ natural rights. The French revolution involved the strong institution of law focused on Enlightenment ideas. Social reform is what the Haitians’ focus was in changing the governing of its people. The revolutions of each initially involvedRead MoreRevolutions Of The French Revolution1139 Words   |  5 PagesRevolutions are often characterized under two dominant schools of thought, either the structural or the cultural viewpoint. The structural approach favors causes that are of inherent forces in the system of sovereign nations, whilst the cultural view favors individuals actions and ideas as rudimentary to revolution. Skocpol and Trimberger’s essay Revolutions: A Structural Analysis modernizes the ideas of Karl Marx and reconciles them with the modern revolutions that have occurred to form a new viewpoint;

Leadership Managing People Free Essays

As we all know, different types of business play a vital role in the progress or advancement of certain companies especially in this modern era where competition is really tight and business tycoons are rampant. According to Britannica Online1, business organization is an entity formed for the purpose of carrying on commercial enterprise; such an organization is predicated on systems of law governing contract and exchange, property rights, and incorporation. Business like these greatly aids in the improvement of the lifestyle of man. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Managing People or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many types of businesses; some involving housing, food, clothing, drugs, etc. Whichever or whatever it may be, different business men or managers use different strategies in advertising a certain product in order to attract consumers and sell the product resulting to the development of the company. But before anything else, companies must have a rough picture of what the future might be and how their product can contribute to the welfare of the future in one way or another. In accordance to the article â€Å"Strategy under Uncertainty† by Hugh Courtney, Jane Kirkland and Patrick Viguerie, I agree that these strategies and the different levels of uncertainties analyzed and presented in the article are possible. And with further application of these strategies the company will certainly improve, even taking into account that no matter what status the company may be, a newbie or a booming business under the leadership of a tycoon it undergoes these different levels. I am in agreement with the topics discussed in the article because most companies do and will experience these uncertainties and apply these different strategies for further advancement and development of the company. Even big companies such as the electronic company Sony, or the clothing line of Guess and other businesses analyze the level of 1 business organization. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106109 uncertainty they are presently in and apply the strategy needed for further progression of the company. Also, in the article, issues such future realization and analysis to where the product is needed are discussed. In the article, the four types of level of uncertainty stated are very impressive. As they convey and state what companies of different business have to face and decide upon in order to become productive as well as efficient. In the article, there are also several diagrams or figures that can help in further understanding the different levels of uncertainty being discussed in the article. According to Anne Brown2, most profitable business ventures have been started by people under 35. Based on this statement made by the above stated author, people handling different business vary in age. Which tells us that success is not only achieved through the years but through thorough understanding of the business as well as planning what approporiate strategies the business is needed to be assessed with. In the article â€Å"Strategy under Uncertainty†, oligopoly was stated. Oligopoly according to Britannica Online3, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market, and each producer must consider the effect of a price change on the actions of the other producers. Especially in bussiness organizations like these, different work strategies are needed for the company to survive. I also agree with the article that traditional approaches in advertising are indeed dangerous. Since there is no assurance that the product being advertised can catch the attention of the consumer. Take for example food business, commercials are not enough or flyers, the consumer must take a taste of the product in order to be persuaded to buy it. 2 talented tycoons. (1999). In The Freelibrary. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from thefreelibrary.com: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Talented+tycoons-a054783776 3 oligopoly. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057021 References: business organization. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106109 oligopoly. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057021 talented tycoons. (1999). In The Freelibrary. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from thefreelibrary.com: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Talented+tycoons-a054783776 How to cite Leadership Managing People, Essay examples

Value of Technical Publications in Automotive Engineering Industry free essay sample

[pic] Position Paper on Value of Technical Publications in Automotive Engineering Industry Providing useful and accurate documents is critical to ensure that the user can easily find the required information. If the end users cannot find the answers to their problems, they assume that the documentation is useless. To be useful, the documentation must be clear, concise, and well designed. The documentation that is accurate and complete also needs to be well designed. Accurate and easy-to-understand technical documentation is the only way to provide information to the end user, and it is also cost-effective. India is the 9th largest automobile industry in the world, with a production of 2. 3 million units in 2008 alone. In 2009, India became Asia’s 4th largest exporter of cars. Automobile companies like Nissan, Volkswagen, Toyota and Hyundai have expanded manufacturing facilities to India. Nissan and Hyundai predict an export of over 250,000 vehicles by 2011. [pic]  ¦ Business Proposals  ¦ Legal Disclaimers  ¦ Policy Manuals  ¦ Style Guide Design  ¦ Template Design Telephone: +91. 80. 40741400 / +91. 80. 41256367 Corporate Enquiries: [emailprotected] in TWB is a leading technical publisher with an excellent record of providing unmatched technical documentation to many major companies. TWB is the ideal choice for leading manufacturers in the automotive industry. TWB helps customers with all their technical documentation needs such as design documents, analytical reports, handbooks, technical specification documents, technical reports and training materials. TWB works closely with client teams located globally, and assists them in meeting their worldwide product announcements and launch deadlines. TWB works round-the-clock with client teams and help them with quick responses that facilitate timely distribution of documents around the globe. Rapid technological advances in the automotive industry have resulted in complex and diverse technical products. The task of creating documentation for such a wide range of products may seem complex and daunting, since documentation has to be revised or updated to keep pace with advancements. Quality documentation is easy to update and maintain, reducing the cost involved despite the massive amounts of documentation required by the industry. Differences in the functionality and quality of technical products are slowly reducing. However the complexity of these products is increasing correspondingly. As product complexity increases, the quality of the documentation is often the deciding factor in customer decision making. TWB provides documentation with professional quality. Product liability regulations, like the EU product liability directive, have impacted technical documentation enormously. Today, the demand for experts in technical documentation is high to guarantee quality document creation, thus avoiding legal ramifications. Economic Business Research  ¦ Industry Analysis  ¦ Market Opportunity Analysis  ¦ Competitive Business Analysis  ¦ Company Prospect Profiling  ¦ Reporting Solutions  ¦ Assessment of Unmet Market Needs  ¦ Status and Potential of Technologies  ¦ Benchmarking of Strategies Vs Competition  ¦ Forecasting  ¦ Sales Force Effectiveness  ¦ Market Assessments  ¦ Competitive Intell igence  ¦ Opinion Leadership  ¦ Emerging Markets evaluation and research TWB – Leading Technical Documentation Outsourcing Company Telephone: +1. 512. 586. 8357 Attractive Publications as Useful Marketing Tool Document Management Solutions  ¦ Record Management Storage and Retrieval  ¦ US Office: TWB 11701 Norwegian Wood Drive Austin, TX 78758 Records Management  ¦ Software Translation Services  ¦ Document Translation Services  ¦ Localization (L10N) Testing  ¦ Internationalization (I18N) Testing Translation and Localization Services In the automotive industry, it is necessary to create several different types of documentation for different purposes: design documents, technical reports, specification documents, user manuals and training material and so on. Each of these documents addresses a different audience, each of whom has a specific role in the automotive industry. It is important that documents be created keeping in mind the role of the person who will use the documentation. For example, a technical analyst, who is accustomed to reviewing satellite images on a workstation, needs to learn how to use the system and software to magnify the image, but not how to analyze the image. For users who start without technical or product knowledge, you need to provide instructions to use the product as well as information they need to look for as a result of using the product. This presents a more difficult problem. Different needs of the end users and the gap between their technical and product knowledge determines the amount of information that goes into technical publications. Deployment and Support The recent economic crisis has created momentum for a massive structural change in the auto industry, preparing the industry for growth for the next decade. â€Å"The automotive industry in India grew at a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 5% over the past five years. † – The Economic Survey, 2008 – 2009. Growth of the automotive industry in India Challenges and Solutions Qualitative Analytics for Decision Support This paper presents the value of and need for quality Technical Publications in the Automotive Engineering industry. Technical publications include a wide variety of material such as design documents, analytical reports, handbooks, technical specification documents, user manuals, requirement documents, technical reports, white papers, online help files, classroom and web based training material, policy manuals, lab reports, and case studies. Modern automotive engineering is a complex process, integrating elements of mechanical, electrical and electronic, software and safety engineering. The key concept behind the integration of multiple processes is to automate vehicle manufacture and increase efficiency. This has led to rapid innovation in the development of automotive systems. Today, customers are offered highly customized products at low prices. This is achieved by configuring individual vehicles from a large number of options. This necessitates the creation of highly accurate and specific product documentation. Further, the rapid technological progress in the automotive industry has led to increased complexity in technical products. Owner and user manuals have increased by over 100% in volume in the last decade. This has proven to be a challenge, since globalization has necessitated an increase in the number of languages into which a technical document is translated. With each additional language translation, costs increase, directly proportional to the size and complexity of the documentation. This makes the creation of simple, easily comprehensible documentation essential to the automotive industry. This, in turn, necessitates the involvement of Technical Documentation Specialists in the creation of these documents. In this paper we will discuss the importance of technical publications to the automotive industry, to facilitate the growth, and development of the industry. â€Å"TWB believes that technology cannot exist without being communicated effectively. †  ¦ Workflows  ¦ Standard Operating Procedures  ¦ ISO Documentation  ¦ CMM Documentation  ¦ Installation and Configuration Guides  ¦ Operations Manual  ¦ Process Documentation  ¦ Web 2. development  ¦ Web content  ¦ Web applications Web site Development  ¦ Graphic Designing  ¦ Info graphics  ¦ 2D 3D animation  ¦ Line drawings and illustrations Illustrations  ¦ Single Sourcing  ¦ File Version Control  ¦ Document Naming Conventions  ¦ Consistent Document Formatting  ¦ Data Transformation Content Management TWB is India’s leader in technical communication outsourcing and educ ation. TWB offers a complete suite of services that allow our customers to effectively publish their technical knowledge with their people and processes. TWB’s customers range from Global 500 – including Cisco, Accenture, McAfee, LG, Samsung, Citrix, SAP, Siemens, AOL, Intel; Indian technology majors – including Infosys, Wipro; Global defense majors Pratt Whitney, Honeywell, DRDO, HAL; and exciting technology startups. TWBs expertise in technical communication ranges from IT Products and Outsourcing, ITES, Banking, Financial, Aerospace, Defense, Ship Building to Hi-tech Manufacturing, and Discrete and Process Manufacturing. TWB’s services include: The Importance of the Automotive Industry: The automotive industry is among the few that have shown steady growth during the last few years, particularly with the troubled economy. The automotive industry is important not just for its direct effects, but for its indirect effects as well. The industry has a large, complex supply chain, which draws from both specialized component suppliers and material suppliers. The automotive industry is one of the largest consu mers of products of the aluminum, rubber, glass, plastics and steel industries. For many industries, the automotive industry is a leading consumer, whose requirements provide an impetus to innovations that benefit other sectors.  ¦ Value of Technical Publications: Technical Publications are very essential for transferring product knowledge to the end users. Providing proper material to use technology and products enables the user to accept and efficiently use the product. Frequently, the quality of documentation is a factor which directly contributes to a customer’s decision to purchase or reject a product. Faulty assumptions about documentation lead to inaccurate and hard-to-understand material which discourages end users from the product itself. This also decreases the changes of marketing the products in the global markets.  ¦ Role of Documentation Outsourcing: The complexity involved in automotive engineering, arising from the integration of electric, electronic, manufacturing, software, and hardware systems requires that vendors and purchasers look at outsourcing their documentation needs to well-established Technical Publications Solutions providers. This helps the company cut costs and at the same time deliver their products with quality documents. Growth of the automotive industry Globally These faulty assumptions result in incomprehensible documents:  ¦ The developers know the product better than anyone else: With time constraints and limited resources, many companies are tempted to let the programmers do the documentation. The engineers and developers know the product very well. However, the developer is likely to provide technology-centered information; where as the end user requires task-centered information. pic]  ¦ The application is complicated; having a writer learn about it will take too long: Learning the product should not be a major obstacle for the writers with the right technical background. Publications for Different Levels of Technical and Product Knowledge Benefits Business Documentation The purpose of technical publications is to transfer product knowledge to the end user, in a comprehensible format. The s trategies of communication and levels of information vary depending on the type of product. When delivering a product, whether a hardware product or a software application, it is equally important to give the users information about the product’s operation and maintenance. In the real world scenario, technical publications are often developed as an afterthought. This usually results in inaccurate and hard-to-understand material. As a result, the users dislike these materials and avoid using them. Inaccurate and hard-to-understand material also results in the user’s inability to understand and implement high-end technologies. The users might reject the product. Technical Publication for Transferring Product Knowledge Faulty Assumptions that Result in Problems in Documentation â€Å"Mark Oline, a Fitch Ratings Analyst predicted that sales will rise to 11. 1 million cars and trucks next year, a 7. 8 percent increase over the 10. 3 million he expects for 2009. † China’s automobile market showed massive growth in 2010, with output and sales for January continuing from the growth in December 2009, to reach 1. 6148 million and 1. 6642 million units respectively. Autofacts forecasts a 10% improvement in sales in the North America, predicting sales of 13. million units with an assembly forecast of 10. 4 million units. In South America, the vehicle sales reached 3 million units in 2009, a record-breaking 12. 7% increase over sales in the 2008. This growth is expected to continue, both in sales and assembly. â€Å"Knowledge is people, money, learning, flexibility and competitive advantage. Knowledge is more relevant to sustained busine ss than capital or labor. And yet knowledge remains the most neglected asset of a business. TWB helps you unlock and share your technical knowledge with the world. †  ¦ Short Reports  ¦ Proposals  ¦ Case Studies Lab Reports  ¦ Memos  ¦ Progress/Interim Reports  ¦ Writing for Electronic Media Business Communication  ¦ Copy Editing and Proof Reading  ¦ Managing Writing  ¦ Editing Services  ¦ Layout and Design  ¦ Creating SLAs Documentation Quality Management  ¦ Datasheets  ¦ Administrator’s Guide  ¦ API Document  ¦ Configuration Guide  ¦ Functional Specifications Document  ¦ Installation Manual  ¦ Interface Document  ¦ Interactive Electronic Technical Manual (IETM)  ¦ Maintenance Manual  ¦ Online Help  ¦ Operation Manual  ¦ Product Demo  ¦ Product Specifications Document  ¦ Product Overview Document  ¦ Quick Reference Guide Release Notes  ¦ Requirement Analysis Document  ¦ SDK Document  ¦ Troubleshooting Manual  ¦ User Manual  ¦ Open Source Documentation  ¦ Programmers Guides  ¦ Functional Specifications Document  ¦ Use Cases  ¦ Online Help /Context Sensitive Help  ¦ Troubleshooting Guides  ¦ Technical Product Documentation Technical Marketing Solutions  ¦ Datasheets  ¦ Cheat sheets  ¦ Solution Briefs/Solution Brochures  ¦ Presentations – Products/Corporate Profile  ¦ Brochures and marketing collateral  ¦ Web content  ¦ Audio and video scripts  ¦ Press releases  ¦ Direct mail  ¦ Newsletter design copy  ¦ Sales catalogues  ¦ Sales sheets Our technical proficiency in software and authoring tools includes:  ¦ SCORM 1. 2 / 2004  ¦ AICC  ¦ W3C  ¦ Section 508  ¦ QTI XML Standards  ¦ Microsoft Visio  ¦ iGrafx  ¦ EDraw  ¦ RFFlow  ¦ Flowbreeze  ¦ Smart Draw Flowcharting  ¦ Sharepoint ®  ¦ Moodle  ¦ Joomla,  ¦ WordPress  ¦ Media Wiki  ¦ CMS Builder  ¦ Author-it (formerly AuthorIT)  ¦ Alfresco  ¦ XMetal ®  ¦ Microsoft Word 2003 ®,  ¦ Microsoft Word 2007 ® CMS/ LMS XML  ¦ Microsoft Access  ¦ Microsoft SQL Server Databases  ¦ JavaHelp  ¦ Adobe RoboHelp 7. 0  ¦ HelpScribble  ¦ WebWorks Publisher  ¦ PowerCHM  ¦ Doc-To-Help  ¦ WinCHM  ¦ HelpSmith 2. 1. 1(Windows)  ¦ Fast-Help MadCap Flare  ¦ Help-Server  ¦ NVU Help Online Help  ¦ Adobe Flash ®  ¦ Adobe Flex ®  ¦ Adobe AIR ®  ¦ Adobe Dreamweaver ®  ¦ Adobe Acrobat ®  ¦ Microsoft Silverlight ®  ¦ Adobe Authorware ®  ¦ Adobe Director ®  ¦ Adobe Captivate ®  ¦ Trivantis L ectora ®  ¦ ASP. NET  ¦ JSP  ¦ JAVA Multimedia/Authoring/ Supporting tools Graphics/Animation  ¦ Adobe Flash ®  ¦ Adobe Photoshop ®  ¦ Adobe Illustrator ®  ¦ Adobe Fireworks ®  ¦ Microsoft Silverlight ®  ¦ Adobe Flash ®  ¦ Adobe Dreamweaver ®  ¦ Microsoft FrontPage ®  ¦ Adobe Captivate ® Multimedia/Authoring  ¦ Adobe Flash ®  ¦ Adobe Photoshop ®  ¦ Adobe Fireworks ® Macromedia Captivate Graphics/Animations Adobe Flash CS4 Professional  ¦ Adobe Illustrator CS3  ¦ CorelDRAW  ¦ Microsoft-Expression Graphic Designer  ¦ Xara Xtreme (Windows Linux)  ¦ CuteDraw  ¦ Publisher3D(for animation)  ¦ Sketsa SVG Editor (for vector graphics)  ¦ Techsmith Camtasia  ¦ Adobe Flash CS4 Professional  ¦ Arbortext IsoDraw (technical illustrations for 2D and 3D) Illustrations  ¦ XSLT/XSL  ¦ EDD Development and Publishing tools  ¦ Epic  ¦ FrameMaker+SGML  ¦ X-Metal ® XML Structured Editors  ¦ Microsoft Word ®  ¦ A dobe FrameMaker ®  ¦ Adobe InDesign ®  ¦ QuarkXPress ®  ¦ Adobe PageMaker ®  ¦ Unstructured Content Development TWB services a wide range of technology and knowledge driven industries, helping them meet their markets better, these include:  ¦ Banking, Insurance and Financial Services  ¦ Consulting and Business Services  ¦ Defense, Aerospace and Hi-Tech Manufacturing  ¦ Education and Learning  ¦ IT, ITES  ¦ ITES/ KPO/ BPO  ¦ Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology  ¦ Process Manufacturing and Allied Industries  ¦ Steel, Ship Building, Construction and Aviation  ¦ Telecom and Digital Communications Some of the greatest documentation challenges that most companies in the automotive industry face today include:  ¦ Increased complexity and diversity of products Increased competition with regard to documentation quality and efficiency  ¦ Stricter product liability regulations, placing more importance on completeness and comprehensibility of documentation. For a leading vendor in the automotive industry, association with TWB has benefited them immensely in saving costs and producing professional documentation along with services such as:  ¦ Transferring complex technical data into easily understandable language  ¦ Protecting technical and commercial data of newly developed products  ¦ Creating, editing, reviewing, and maintaining content Preparing training material, online Help, graphics and illustrations TWB has been the preferred technical documentation outsourcing company for: The TWB Building No: 4062, 19th Main Road, HAL 2nd Stage, Bangalore – 560008 India. Landmark: Behind Carlton Towers [pic] The Writers Blockwww. twb. in7 The Writers Blockwww. twb. in6 TWB Position Paper on Value of Technical Publication in Indian Aerospace and Defense Industry2

How to Write a Petition Letter for University Essay Example

How to Write a Petition Letter for University Paper There are different sorts of petitions that are usually written by people in order to influence decisions, change something or get something. Let us see the different forms of university petition letters. Petition for Exemption Writing petition letter for university is a very common thing. It is because there will come many instances when students have to apply for exemptions but in order to get these exemptions students first have to write a petition to the concerned person or the department. It is also important to note that it is not always necessary that your petition would acquire the approval. However, it will at least help you to make the authorities aware of you and your concerned problem. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Petition Letter for University specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Petition Letter for University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Petition Letter for University specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Prior to writing the petition to the university, it is integral to first find out the name of the department and the person in charge there. Remember that if you don’t mention the name of the person to whom the letter is addressed to, the department may avert their eyes from it. Petition for Admission Petition letters are also used when an applicant wants to take admission in a particular university. The applicants have to submit the petition along with other necessary documentation and express their reasons why they want to go for this particular program. The minimum grade to apply for admission in any academia is at least 3 GPA. However, students can still get the admission in their desired university if they tell the reason in their petition letter that why they should be taken in by the university. Petition for Financial Aid You would also have to write a petition if you need financial aid in order to continue your university study because your financial package is not sufficient. Here you have to write a persuasive petition letter to the financial aid department of that university in an effort to get sufficient aid to complete your program. You can also submit a petition again if the department has canceled the aid due to your poor grades. When writing a petition letter for acquiring financial aid it is important that you must address the justifying circumstances specifically. Briefly explain them the change in your income and expenses which are making it difficult for you to continue the studies. However if it is a petition for defending your financial aid, it is necessary to tell them If there has been an incident in your family or you were very ill during the examination. In such cases, it is also important that you must attach a pertinent document like a certificate from your physician in order to support your statement. Petition for Grades Oftentimes it is observed that mistakes are made by the teachers or professors while assessing the grades of the students. When pupils feel that they have not been given the grades they actually deserved they can file a petition for grades. Although every academia has its own method of filing a petition but the main format of writing one is the same in every college/university.

Essay on The Scarlet Letter Trial Notes

Essay on The Scarlet Letter Trial Notes Essay on The Scarlet Letter Trial Notes Scarlett Letter Trial Notes I had to watch myself slowly transform into someone I am not. The isolation given to me by the society I lived in forced me to dwell in my sins which eventually began taking a toll on my mentality and even my physical being. I had a determination to stand alone despite the opinion of society. My morals were a bigger concern to me that the thoughts of the judgmental people who surrounded me. I completely lacked any adult companionship throughout my life. The only comfort outside of my home I had was the feeling when a stranger in town didn’t comment on my past or the â€Å"A† placed on my breast. I had nothing but the strength of spirit to sustain me. One thing I have always been concerned with is trust I possess in myself and the knowledge that I am as honest as I possibly can be. Above all things, I was honest. I was not only honest to the entire public, but I was honest with myself. Even in my sham of a marriage, Chillingworth knew that I was frank with him. I felt no love, nor faked any. My life is public repentance. Even after years of social alienation I began to change again, mentally. I no long wallowed in self pity. I began offering comfort to the poor, the sick, and the broken. When the governor was dying, I was at his side. Despite the fact he never did anything to deserve my comfort. I had no friend, no companion, not one foot crossed the doorstep of my cottage. I had Pearl to raise and she produced a great number of difficulties. But in my solitude, I had a great deal of time to think. My shame in the face of public opinion, her loneliness and suffering, and her quiet acceptance of her position

Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting Concepts - Essay Example Under the money measurement concept, these items can be recorded as a land worth $100,000, a building (containing 10 rooms and conference hall) worth $500,000, 250 chairs at $50 each, and so on The money measurement concept assumes that money is a stable unit of measurement and therefore the value of money does not change with time. Going concern concept The going concern concept implies that accounting transactions are recorded keeping the view that the business will exist for a long period of time. More precisely, a business enterprise is considered to be a going concern but not a liquidated one. As per the going concern concept, asset valuation is done at historical cost or replacement cost. The going concern concept is a fundamental principle to the preparation of financial statements (Rajasekaran 2011, p.18). In case of short term business projects like building construction, the business comes to an end once the construction of the particular building is completed. In contrast, some business entities that operate in the automobile or consumable goods industry exist for a long period and they will continue their business activities in the foreseeable future. According to this concept, business enterprises treat prepaid expenses as assets in their balance sheets even though they are not saleable practically. Dual aspect concept Dual aspect concept is one of the fundamental accounting concepts and assumes that every transaction has a two-fold aspect – giving certain benefits and receiving certain benefits. The underlying principle of the double entry system is that every debit has an equal and corresponding amount of credit (Johnston & Johnston 2006, p.54). From the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities+Capital), it is... The object evidence concept says that all accounting activities must be objective evidence based. In other words, there should be adequate verifiable documents to support the reliability of every transaction recorded in the books of accounts. This is the very essential for auditors to verify the reliability of accounts prepared. It is to be noted that the verifiable evidences must be objective but not subjective. For instance, a business entity has to keep receipts for the building rent paid. From the above discussion, it is clear that all the ten accounting concepts explained are greatly beneficial for accountants to prepare universally comparable, understandable, reliable, and relevant set of accounts. These accounting concepts give a standard structure to books of accounts prepared globally. â€Å"The accrual concept is an accounting system which recognises revenues and expenses as they are earned or incurred, respectively, without regard to the date of receipt or payment†. In simpler words, revenue is recorded in the books of accounts on its realisation but not its actual receipt. In the same way, expenses have to be recognised when they are incurred but not when the payment is made actually. To illustrate, a business unit paid $5,000 in rent for the building and machinery a year whereas it had owed only $4,500 in rent. That means the company prepaid $500 in rent. At the end of the accounting period, the prepaid rent is recorded on the asset side of the balance sheet.

Aviation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Law - Case Study Example (a) that the flight can safely be made, taking into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available and any alternative course of action which can be adopted in case the flight cannot be completed as planned; (c) that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight, and that where a certificate of maintenance review is required by article 14(1) to be in force, it is in force and will not cease to be in force during the intended flight; (e) in the case of a flying machine or airship, that sufficient fuel, oil and engine coolant (if required) are carried for the intended flight, and that a safe margin has been allowed for contingencies, and, in the case of a flight for the purpose of public transport, that the instructions in the operations manual relating to fuel, oil and engine coolant have been complied with; x x x " [Emphasis supplied] 'Commander' in relation to an aircraft means the member of the flight crew designated as commander of that aircraft by the operator, or, failing such a person, the person who is for the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft; [Emphasis supplied] In the situation given, it is clear tha... ion to an aircraft means the member of the flight crew designated as commander of that aircraft by the operator, or, failing such a person, the person who is for the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft; [Emphasis supplied] In the situation given, it is clear that Carl was the commander of the aircraft for purposes of Article 52 of the ANO because Carl was the pilot in command of the aircraft. As a commander, it is therefore Carl's responsibility to conduct all pre-flight action as required of him under Article 52 of the ANO. Specifically, Carl's responsibility is to ensure before the flight that the aircraft has sufficient fuel for the intended flight. Based on the situation given, the aircraft's engine stopped due to fuel starvation, there being insufficient fuel for the intended flight. Moreover, considering Carl's failure to check the sufficiency of the fuel, he likewise failed to - (1) ensure "that the flight can safely be made," (2) take "into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available," (3) ensure that "the equipment required" in the circumstances of the intended flight is carried and "is in a fit condition for use"; (4) see to it "that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight," and (5) carry sufficient fuel for the intended flight, all in violation of Carl's duty as commander pursuant to Article 52 of the ANO. Furthermore, and as previously stated, Article 52 of the ANO requires a commander like Carl in the given situation to ensure that the flight may commence under and in accordance with the terms of a permission granted to the operator under Article 21 of the ANO, which provides as follows: "Minimum equipment requirements 21 (1) x x x. (2) An

Effective team performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Effective team performance - Essay Example In this document, this issue will be looked at critically to see how the teams in Electron were used in the recruitment process and the application of this in other organisations. This case study showed that a good team formation can be useful in creating a good platform for recruitment. Recruitment is changing, and it is getting increasingly necessary for organisations to be able to get talent and develop talents. This document will indicate, through a closer look at the facts in the case study, how an organisation can use teams in the organisation to have a proper and productive recruitment. It also indicates how these teams can be used in getting the right talents and also in maintaining the best talent and making sure that the wrong employees are kicked out of the organisation when and if necessary. 3 Team synergy A crucial effect of teams is actually synergy where each team members bring in their best and use it to improve the team in terms of productivity and efficiency (Select Knowledge Limited 2011). This document will look at this with regard to how the team members in Electron contributed to the development of a more formidable workforce. According to Dyer 2013, team synergy is about making sure that every member in the team benefits from the strengths of others and that each of the individual weaknesses are covered by the other members. However, how this is achieved can be a challenge because there may be other inhibiting factors that may make it harder for a team to synergise. 4 Team is not a collection of people One of the most important theories about a team is a collection of people with common goals and who aid each other in achieving this goal (Belbin 2012). With regard to the Electron case study, this will be investigated to see how the teams in Electron worked together in order to achieve their goals together. 5 Introduction Teamwork is one of the most important performance tools. Being able to inspire teamwork in the organisation is one of t he most useful things that an organisation can do. Teamwork may be utilised as a tool to help the organisation to overcome numerous setbacks in the market. This can be exemplified in the Electron case study. The teamwork illustrated in the case study can be looked at using the different team theories. One thing that is the most striking about the teams in Electron is that they are able to work together to a stronger force in order to achieve their goals. 6 Concertive control One of the main issues that come out in the case study is the way the team have used concertive control in making sure that the teams remain functional. There exist various factors which may be attributed to this concertive control. One of them is the fact it becomes more effective than having a manager led team. According to Kelley 1992, concertive control can be seen as a way to help the teams to be able to have leadership that is not dependent on one person but rather where everyone, new or old has a say and can contribute to the leadership. This is very useful in motivating team members into contributing to the team. People are more likely to be effective and cooperative when get the attitude that they are in control of their environment rather than when they feel that they are controlled

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval in dedicated cloud Environment Dr. Piyush Gupta Chandelkar Kashinath K. Abstract: Data collected in section 3 indicated the number of active internet users across the globe. The collected chunks of information termed as Big Data not only utilizes physical resources into the network, but also leads to increase in human and financial resources. Cloud computing being a technology with IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) provides virtual resources on pay per use policy. MapReduce being widely used Algorithm is used in line with Hummingbird Search engine for information retrieval. Keywords: MapReduce, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, Hummingbird, Big data 1. Introduction One of the papers published in International conference at Jaipur, entitled â€Å"The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System† [21] elaborates on existence of humming bird algorithm on 15th birthday of Google. In existence with previous Google algorithms like panda 3.5, page rank and penguin, hummingbird is a new replacement of full engine instead of repairing individual modules. This has affected 90% of data across the globe. Migrating MapReduce algorithm on cloud environment using Hadoop, not only improves performance due to cloud features but also the efficiency is increased with cost minimization. 2. Problem Fig-1: Data center Source: IBM Enterprise System Fig-1 gives a snapshot of engineers working at data centers who manages information from diverse platforms and resources. Managing hardware and Network with virtualized resources needs dedicated young talent. When it comes to end user, he gets an average service as a result of improper management of data centers. MapReduce is one of the best known algorithms used for IR (Information Retrieval) in addition with existing algorithms as explained in section 7. Due to exponential increase in smart devices that supports voice based search, definitely needs fast and efficient searching algorithm for information retrieval. The voice based search assists to make smart decisions in real time applications like place identification, weather forecast and medical assistance using android based applications. 3. Why problem is important Fig-2: Global Internet users Source: W3 Foundation Looking at data increase across the globe as shown in Fig-2 (data collected till July 1, 2014) [19], the pilled content in repositories is increasing worldwide. It requires huge amount of hardware resources running for years to extract information and knowledge for decision making. The big challenge in big data is ever increasing content utilizing human resource and cost to create chunks in available networks across the globe, which needs attention. 4. It is an unsolved problem From the following relevant reviewed literature (table-1), it gives a blueprint that the problem has still remained unsolved. The authors have either focused on cloud components [6] [11] or had used traditional Google Components during the analysis. Since Hummingbird Algorithm [10] is not keyword based the searching criteria have changed. When combined with MapReduce [1] [3] [15] in cloud environment shall definitely yield efficient results with minimum cost and resources. Table-1: Existing Systems compared 5. Here is my idea Fig-3: Proposed Information Retrieval System Being cloud computing [4] [6] is upcoming Technology as discussed in section -7.2, is a good source of virtualized resources that helps to manage content on diverse platform irrespective of geographical boundaries. An instance of Hadoop that supports MapReduce Algorithm (elaborated in sec-7) is migrated in cloud environment using SaaS (Software as a Service) to whom input is diverted for processing. Hummingbird (more in section-7) Algorithm is a brand new search engine designed to understand meaning from acquired query instead of word, is imparted to collect output from MapReduce instance. The collected output on Amazon S3 cluster is efficiently and effectively delivered to end user based on voice based request, in addition to traditional systems for efficient decision making in the field of medicine, scientific research and so on. 6. My idea works To confirm the working of proposed idea, a hosted instance of Hadoop was used that supports MapReduce Algorithm and S3 data cluster from Amazon. It also has Qubole [20] managed database to test the instance in cloud environment. Qubole has an API (Application programming Interface) that gives overview of running instances through dashboard. A user shall give input as a database or can manually select file in addition to query wizard. Once the input is given to MapReduce cluster, data analysis shall be done by using hive query in addition to pig script. Following results were collected by using existing database. Fig-4: Cloud based Hadoop Instance Source: Qubole Figure -4 shows a dashboard running Hadoop instance, in which 2 queries have finished data analysis. It communicates at runtime with Amazon S3 bucket where data is stored for input. The mapper [1][3][15] scans the data files from the source and extends the output to reducer. The reducer further processes data and is sent back to S3 cluster for further processing. This information shall be accessed by end user through web access and with the support of Hummingbird Algorithm. Fig-5: Running Hadoop Cluster Source: Qubole Fig-5 shows a single running Hadoop Instance in cloud environment. Qubole supports metrics of instances running simultaneously that enhances performance their by increasing efficiency. The graph in the above figure indicates time spent to complete single job. Every task is monitored by master DNS having unique ID. To each DNS a list of queries shall be given as input for further analysis. Fig-6 shows process getting started on Hadoop Cluster that combines both map and Reduce session together. The jobs performed uses batch processing system for single instance. Running multiple instances on different clusters in cloud environment makes process more efficient without investing much is physical infrastructure. As a result of which end user shall enjoy the benefits of information retrieval with minimum time, cost and physical resources. As cloud supports pay per use policies resource allocation as per requirements becomes easier. Fig-6: Hadoop Master DNS Source: Qubole Detail explanation about concepts existing algorithms used for information retrieval BFS(Bredth First Search) Redundant BFS. ISN (Intelligent Search Machine) Directed BFS Random walker search Randomized Gossiping Centralized approach Distributed Information retrieval Searching Object identifier Following explanations shall help to elaborate more about specific areas. 7.2 Cloud Architecture Fig-7: Cloud Architecture Source: NIST Cloud is an upcoming technology that supports IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) as shown in Fig-7. For any hosted instance in cloud, open source software is used as a server that supports virtualization and Grid technology. Virtual private network is used in addition to broadband network13] [16]. As a service provider SLA (Service level Agreement) is signed between an organization and service provider. Distributed computing is one of the known components as data transferred across the network requires secure, authentic and efficient service in a given network. The type of cloud includes public, private, community and hybrid cloud [2]. Private clouds are hosted in dedicated environment having firewall and other authentication features. Updating existing system and taking backup remains responsibility of the owner. Hybrid clouds may be hosted in private environment in synchronization with public resources. The end user held responsible for resources used in public cloud with minimum security. 7.3 MapReduce Algorithm Fig-8: MapReduce Algorithm Source: Jimmy Lin, University of Maryland The algorithm takes data input as a file or database in the form of query. A list of mapper instances are activated which travels across the database in search of information. The jobs or data values are shuffled based on keys and aggregated as an input to reducers. These reducers understand the key inputs and reshuffle to get unique relevant information for further processing as shown in Fig-8[1]. 7.4 Hummingbird Algorithm Hummingbird Algorithm [10] [21] is the latest birthday gift from Google. Panda 3.5 and penguin were basically filters applied to searching criteria in the form of web pages and hyperlink. The traditional search engine extracts information based on keywords. Considering a sentence â€Å"How many times does hummingbird flap their wings per second?† the traditional search engine being keyword based tries to extract word like times, flap and per second. Based on collected keywords the web pages are searched in database. The collected content undergoes filtering from panda and penguin. Resultant results are displayed to user in the form of hyperlinks. Being hummingbird is innovation in the field of search and meant for voice based information retrieval, it accepts query as a single sentence instead of keywords. The engine tries to understand meaning and creates knowledge base from provided information or query. Fig-9: Hummingbird Search Source: Google.com In fig-9, the query asked to Google was where am i? Using voice search. The search engine had found my current location based on IP address or physical location and displayed map for the same. 8. Conclusion and future work The paper is continuation to hummingbird Algorithm [21] that supports MapReduce Algorithm with Hummingbird search engine in dedicated cloud environment. Qubole a hosted Hadoop instance is used to confirm working of MapReduce in support with Amazon S3 for data during. A single hive query instance on single DNS is tested which shall be extended for testing multiple instances of hive and pig script simultaneously as future work. References [1] Rahul Prasad Kanu , Shabeera T P , S D Madhu Kumar 2014- Dynamic Cluster Configuration Algorithm in MapReduce Cloud, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3), 2014, 4028-4033. [2] Mr. Kulkarni N. N., Dr. Pawar V. P., Dr. K.K Deshmukh -2014 Evaluation of Information Retrieval in Cloud computing based services, Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (03 (Special Issue)) [3] Brian Hellig, Stephen turner, rich collier, long zheng-2014- beyond map educe: the next generation of big data analytics HAMR.Eti.com. [4] Ismail Hmeidi, Maryan Yatim, Ala’ Ibrahim, Mai Abujazouh, 2014 Survey of Cloud Computing Web Services for Healthcare Information Retrieval Systems , International conference on Computing Technology and Information Management, Dubai, UAE. [5] Anil Radhakrishnan and Kiran kalmadi -2013- Big Data Medical engine in the cloud, Infosys Lab Briefing Vol-11, No-1. [6] Dr. Sanjay Mishra, Dr. Arun Tiwari 2013 A Novel Technique for Information Retrieval Based on Cloud Computing, international Journal of information technology. [7] Yu Mon Zaw, Nay Min Tun 2013-Web Services Based Information Retrieval Agent System for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research Volume 2– Issue 1, 67-71. [8] Gautam Vemuganti 2013- Metadata Management in Big data, Infosys lab Briefing. [9] Aaditya Prakash 2013-Natured Inspired visualization of unstructured big data, Infosys lab briefing, Vol-11, No-1. [10] Xinxin Fan, Guang Gong,Honggang Hu-2011- Remedying the Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm, IEEE. [11] Mosashi Inoue 2009- image retrieval: research and use in the information retrieval, National Institute of Informatics. [12] Jeff Dean Google Fellow 2009- Challenges in Building Large-Scale Information Retrieval Systems. [13] Tsungnan Lin, Pochiang Lin, Hsinping Wang,Chiahung Chen-2009-Dynamic Search Algorithm in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE. [14] William Hersh -2008 Future perspectives Ubiquitous but unfinished: grand challenges for information retrieval, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. [15] Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 2004-MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters, Google.com. [16] Mehran Sahami Vibhu Mittal Shumeet Baluja Henry Rowley 2003-The Happy Searcher: Challenges in Web Information Retrieval, google.com [17] James Allan 2002-Challenges in Information Retrieval and Language Modeling, Report of a Workshop held at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts Amherst [18] Amit Singhal 2001- Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering. [19] tp://www.internetlivestats.com [20] https://api.qubole.com [21] Dr. Piyush Gupta, kashinath Chandelkar 2012- The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System, vol-2, issue-12, IJARCSSE journal.

Deforestation Essay -- essays research papers

Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The planet Earth is being scarred. Everyday the people of the planet earth are polluting the planet’s air, water and land. These are all natural resources that are necessary for our survival on this planet. Yet, we continue to abuse our planet. Our world population is growing out of control. The simple lesson of supply and demand tells us that we will need more resources in order to support the booming population. One of the most important factors in survival is food supply. With out enough food, we will not survive. Unfortunately, our forest ecosystems are paying the price for the food demand. Deforestation is a major problem on our planet. It is something that must be carefully monitored and regulated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deforestation is a practice that has been taking place for thousands of years. Human beings have found it necessary to clear out the forests for settlement and cropland. Although there is no evidence as to how much of the planet’s forests has been cut down, it is obvious that this valuable ecosystem is declining. Studies estimate that, â€Å"original forest cover has been reduced by nearly 50 percent.† (WRI, p.90)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The forest ecosystem provides a number of services both directly and indirectly to humans. For example, the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles are two of the cycles that are necessary for survival on our planet. Carbon is a key element on our planet. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, in plants and animals and in the ocean. â€Å"About 33 percent of the carbon that has accumulated in the atmosphere over the past 150 years has come from deforestation and changes in land use.† (WRI, p.50) When the carbon is in plants, it is released back into the atmosphere in a process called cellular respiration. If the trees and plants are cut down, the carbon cycle is not completed. The carbon will not be effectively removed from the air. â€Å"Fifteen tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) occur in the air column above each hectare (2.5 acres) of the Earth’s surface. One hectare of lush vegetation can remove 50 tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually.† (WRI, p. 60)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitrogen is another key element. Lack of Nitrogen could limit plant growth. Often times, Nitrogen is added to fertilizers to help increase the growth of the crop. However, beca... ...restrictions on any practice, which could have a physical effect on the environment. For example, the government should have a good inventory of the country’s natural resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government could also attach taxes to any natural resources, which are being traded out of the country. These taxes could be used, for example, to help replant forests. The money would help encourage farmers and timber harvesters to use alternative means in order to help protect the forests. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have learned in class a lot about environmental sustainability. Humans are just a part of the many ecosystems on our planet. It is important that people consider themselves equals to the other species on this planet. We need each other in order to survive. Increased croplands may be a necessity, however, there are ways to make it less damaging to our environment. We cannot always look at the quickest, cheapest ways to get what we need. In the end, if we don’t change our ways, we (humans) will be responsible for the ultimate demise of our planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deforestation Essay -- essays research papers Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The planet Earth is being scarred. Everyday the people of the planet earth are polluting the planet’s air, water and land. These are all natural resources that are necessary for our survival on this planet. Yet, we continue to abuse our planet. Our world population is growing out of control. The simple lesson of supply and demand tells us that we will need more resources in order to support the booming population. One of the most important factors in survival is food supply. With out enough food, we will not survive. Unfortunately, our forest ecosystems are paying the price for the food demand. Deforestation is a major problem on our planet. It is something that must be carefully monitored and regulated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deforestation is a practice that has been taking place for thousands of years. Human beings have found it necessary to clear out the forests for settlement and cropland. Although there is no evidence as to how much of the planet’s forests has been cut down, it is obvious that this valuable ecosystem is declining. Studies estimate that, â€Å"original forest cover has been reduced by nearly 50 percent.† (WRI, p.90)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The forest ecosystem provides a number of services both directly and indirectly to humans. For example, the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles are two of the cycles that are necessary for survival on our planet. Carbon is a key element on our planet. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, in plants and animals and in the ocean. â€Å"About 33 percent of the carbon that has accumulated in the atmosphere over the past 150 years has come from deforestation and changes in land use.† (WRI, p.50) When the carbon is in plants, it is released back into the atmosphere in a process called cellular respiration. If the trees and plants are cut down, the carbon cycle is not completed. The carbon will not be effectively removed from the air. â€Å"Fifteen tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) occur in the air column above each hectare (2.5 acres) of the Earth’s surface. One hectare of lush vegetation can remove 50 tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually.† (WRI, p. 60)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitrogen is another key element. Lack of Nitrogen could limit plant growth. Often times, Nitrogen is added to fertilizers to help increase the growth of the crop. However, beca... ...restrictions on any practice, which could have a physical effect on the environment. For example, the government should have a good inventory of the country’s natural resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government could also attach taxes to any natural resources, which are being traded out of the country. These taxes could be used, for example, to help replant forests. The money would help encourage farmers and timber harvesters to use alternative means in order to help protect the forests. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have learned in class a lot about environmental sustainability. Humans are just a part of the many ecosystems on our planet. It is important that people consider themselves equals to the other species on this planet. We need each other in order to survive. Increased croplands may be a necessity, however, there are ways to make it less damaging to our environment. We cannot always look at the quickest, cheapest ways to get what we need. In the end, if we don’t change our ways, we (humans) will be responsible for the ultimate demise of our planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Film Techniques against the Theme of “Change” Essay

How are we made aware of the filmmaker’s attitude towards change? Refer to three specific episodes from the film. (excl. concl. stages)In Pleasantville, the filmmaker, Gary Ross, conveys his attitude towards change through the characters of David and Jennifer who are transported into the 1950s sitcom â€Å"Pleasantville†. He doesn’t necessarily demonstrate change to bear a positive result; rather, he addresses that change is essential to the development of society and self and that it is important to understand and accept change. Ross contrasts the ignorance and mindlessness of the unchanged people of Pleasantville with the hunger for knowledge that the changed (or coloured) people possess, communicating to the viewer that change and knowledge go hand in hand. Ross also portrays and somewhat satirises an unchanged society’s people to be ruled by their own mindlessness, and in their epiphany, translates to the viewer that change can come from within or from outside one’s self but is different for everyone. Dark overtones are used to parallel the Pleasantville to a society under fascist rule. However, in the end, change will always affect everyone and this new understanding will help to overcome the changes encountered in the future that may seek to detriment the society. The three scenes which will be discussed in relation to the filmmaker’s attitude towards change are the breakfast scene, the classroom scene, and the rain scene. The breakfast scene is the scene where Betty is piling food on other food and topping it off with maple syrup for Mary-Sue’s breakfast. The audience is overwhelmed at the ridiculous amount of food that is being placed on her plate, which is shown by extreme close-up and cuts of the shots of every time another food item is slapped onto the plate, and is accompanied by an upbeat music. The audience knows that the person under the guise of Mary-Sue is Jennifer, stereotypical of an American teenage girl, so she is naturally concerned about her weight and watches the food she eats. The scene is ironic because such a big breakfast is the exact type of meal she would be trying to avoid. The scene is also hyperbolic as even in the 1950s, it would be considered  ridiculous to eat such a variety of foods for just one morning meal. The ‘jumpy’ non-diegetic music timed with the quick shots of food being placed on the plate, and the jump-cuts showing the reactions of a horrified Jennifer when seeing all this food, assist create situational humour. The reason that all these techniques have been used to create humour is to present a sitcom-style situation. In doing this, Gary Ross satirises the mindlessness of the unchanged people and this becomes important as the storyline progresses. The breakfast scene is also a place which symbolically informs the audience of the current circumstances of Pleasantville. Betty is piling food which would normally be considered tasteful by the audience once in a while and individually: pancakes, salami, bacon and eggs. This is what could be represented in the saying: â€Å"Too much of a good thing is never good.† The incongruous mix of foods is intentionally used by the filmmaker to make the audience feel uncomfortable. It is symbolically stating that there are too many good things in Pleasantville. There is also a sense that this is the situation everyday, meaning there is no change. This can be inferred from the ease and comfort with which Betty is placing the food on Mary-Sue’s plate. It is as if she has been doing this her whole life. The final food item is the syrup being slowly poured onto all the other foods, which is shown for a longer amount of time than the other foods and with the music becoming slower, almost as if poison. This symbolises the ‘sickly sweet’ mannerism which has consumed the people of Pleasantville. Ross is effectively trying to convey the bitterness of a sickly sweet society who has never seen anything other than the norm and has never experienced any change. This suggestion can be furthered in the discussion of the film’s â€Å"black-and-white technique†. The black-and-white technique is not just important in the distinguishing of changed people from unchanged people. It was conventionally used in Noir films to represent the dark overtones of the society. It is used as a motif in Pleasantville for the majority of the beginning of Jennifer and David’s adventure (until things start to change, that is). This is especially significant with all the subtle implications  and allusions to a Nazi-style dictatorship. For example, the burning of books is reminiscent of that in 1936 when the German government burnt all books which would oppose its rule, in fear that the society it governed would think of rebelling. Big Bob is the obvious ruler, as he is almost always seen with a low shot, making him look big and powerful to the audience. Bob’s situation is similar, burning books to stop changes occurring. Books are seen as works of art which are derived from the imagination of thinking people. Bob’s censorship practices extend to the prohibition of Mr Johnson from using colours to paint (that is, from using the full extent of his imagination) in his Code of Conduct. In this way, he is much like the German government in the 30s. However, he wants to continue his rule without any violent opposition; only ‘pleasantness’. There is irony however, as there is vandalism and disruption when the Milk Bar is broken into and sabotaged because of his encouragement, which is the exact opposite of ‘pleasant’. The fact that people submitted to this way of life (where everything is sickly sweet) without opposition before (before changes were introduced) shows that they were not ruled by Bob, but really by the restrictions they placed on themselves. Bob is only used to embody the fears and restrictions and ignorance that the Pleasantville society possesses. The filmmaker is trying to convey through these situations and allusions that those who resist change are irrational and are ruled by their own ignorance. The classroom scene when the students are learning about the geography of Pleasantville encapsulates the nature of the whole Pleasantville society. The students are used to learning the same thing everyday (since they already know the answers to the questions). The mise en scene of the students’ positions is incongruous. They are high school students but have their backs straight and behaving as if they are in kindergarten. They seem very comfortable, though, but when Jennifer confronts the teacher with the question â€Å"What’s outside of Pleasantville?† they are shocked. A panning shot from the point of view of Jennifer shows the reaction of the class, and the silence adds to the tension. After the teacher assures the students that there is nothing outside of Pleasantville, and that the roads begin where  they end, a sigh of relief ripples uniformly throughout the class. This reaction illustrates how fearful the students are of change and questioning the norm, since it is unknown and unfamiliar. The fact that the students have no appetite for knowledge is related to their inexperience of change. Thus, Ross is effectually demonstrating that change and knowledge go hand in hand. Later, in the Milk Bar, when everyone is questioning David about the fire, the same students show a thirst for knowledge. The way they keep pressing David to tell them about places outside Pleasantville is contrasted to the classroom scene. Again, the technique of silence is employed, but this time in a freer atmosphere with curiosity instead of fear and with non-diegetic music which depicts a ‘cheeky’ mood. It depicts the way David is about to break the rules by allowing people to know information that he thinks they shouldn’t because it will â€Å"throw their whole universe out of whack.† In this way, Ross illustrates to the audience that change is about development rather than the results produced (whether positive or negative). The classroom scene creates an interesting contrast to the classroom scene in ‘the real world’. At school, students are assured their futures are crystal clear: both predictable and wonderful. In the real world, David and Jennifer were being constantly reminded of the negative things in the future by the teachers: â€Å"Employment will go down thirty percent in the next five years†¦Greenhouse emissions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This gave a very bleak outlook of the future, and the zooming and simultaneous cutting of shots of different classrooms added to the feeling of impending doom. In Pleasantville however, everyone’s futures are predictably wonderful. The characters, without having developed an understanding of change, are at a loss when they find themselves feeling emotions and thinking for themselves. For instance, when Mr Johnson’s artworks are exposed, people become enraged and frightened and consequently violence occurs. This symbolises how these unchanged and undeveloped people don’t know what to do when circumstances change. Ross is trying to show the audience that it is important to develop and understand change, because it will help in the handling of future problems. The rain scene is the scene where, after the emergence of the storm, it suddenly starts raining and very important events are taking place. One of these events involve the time when David and Margaret are kissing at Lover’s Lane. When rain suddenly starts pouring, David placates everyone’s fears by going out into the rain and holds his arms up to the sky, as if embracing the weather. The scene is a cinematic homage to the film Shawshank Redemption, depicting the part after Andy Dufresne has escaped from the prison and is now a free man. It is definitely a turning point in the film Pleasantville and is seen as a revelation. The allusion is symbolic because, just like Andy Dufresne, the kids at Lover’s Lane have escaped the grey walls that once held their thoughts and are now free to think and feel emotions. The next morning they all wake up coloured (except for David). Ross here is suggesting that change sets people free, and resistance to change is resistance to thought and passion. This assertion is further developed near the end of the movie in the courtroom scene. Gary Ross assumes the voice of David to speak to the audience. Here, the technique of monologue/speech is cleverly used: â€Å"It’s all inside you†¦And you can’t stop something that’s inside of you!† Ross is saying that these people restricted themselves from thinking and feeling emotions but they have always had the potential to be different, feel passionately and think independently. He directly states that change comes from within; Jennifer and David were merely triggering the changes to happen. Ross also implies that change is different for everyone. The aftermath of the storm shows David is still in monochrome. The shot of his reflection in the lake up to him contrasts to the coloured environment. The reflection is symbolic in that it shows David’s silent desperation while searching deep within himself to find a change. Jennifer experiences a similar problem. The dialogue between her and David is important. â€Å"I’ve had like ten times as much sex as these girls and I’m still [in black and white].† David’s reply is that maybe it is not about sex. The audience later finds that Jennifer finally changes colour when she starts reading books and puts on her glasses. The symbolism of the glasses is that her perception of the world changes and hence she changes. A panning shot around her room shows the new  colour, and finally a photograph of her alter ego, Mary-Sue, is in colour, meaning she has changed. David’s physical and individual transformation is completed when he finally starts standing up for what’s right and takes actions against what’s wrong. When he punched Whitey, he took action to fight for Betty, and the audience witnessed the first drop of blood in the whole film, showing David’s furious passion. Soft music depicting a ‘revelation’ accompanies this shot, demonstrating that he has found what he was seeking: change in himself. The over-the-shoulder shot of his back and the mirror is reminiscent of the lake scene and symbolic: not only has he found himself; but he has left his other self behind him. Ross here asserts that people change for different reasons and that change inevitably affects everyone so they can have a better understanding of themselves and the world around them. In conclusion, the filmmaker Gary Ross conveys his attitude towards change through David and Jennifer and the effect of their presence on the town. He stresses that change is essential to understanding the world, but most of all, understanding and accepting ourselves. Ross uses various allusions to show the control the citizens of Pleasantville were once under, and then to show that they have broken free, and that in the end, everyone is inevitably affected by change. He employs satire to compel the audience to have a negative view of those who are resistant to change, and to take a liking to the characters who embrace change. Ross asserts that everyone must change in order to live their lives to the fullest extent. â€Å"Pleasantville† (1998) directed by Gary Ross